742 



TUEKEY. 



ropean residence, by " Isabel, or Sicily, a Pil- 

 grimage " (1839); "Rambles and Reviews" 

 (1841) ; " Thoughts on the Poets," a collection 

 of magazine papers (1846); "Characteristics 

 of Literature," two vols. (1849-'61); "Artist 

 Life; or, Sketches of American Painters" 

 (1849); "Life of Commodore Silas Talbot" 

 (1850); "The Optimist," a collection of es- 

 says (1850); "Poems" (1851); "A Memorial 

 of Horatio Greenough " (1853) ; " Leaves from 

 the Diary of a Dreamer "(1 853) ; "A Month 

 in England" (1853); "Biographical Essays" 

 (1857) ; "Essay on Washington, with a Paper 

 on the Portraits of Washington" (1859); 

 '' America and her Commentators, with a Crit- 

 ical Sketch of Travel in the United States " 

 (1 864) ; " A Sheaf of Verse," contributed to the 

 Ne\v York Sanitary Fair (1864); "Memoir of 

 Dr. J. W. Francis," prefixed to Old New 

 York "(1865) ; " The Criterion " (1866) ; " Maga 

 Papers about Paris (1867); "The Book of 

 American Artists " (1867) ; " Life of John Pen- 

 dleton Kennedy " (1871). He had also been a 

 frequent contributor to the North American 

 Memeio, Christian Examiner, Democratic Re- 

 view, Putnam's Monthly, Atlantic Monthly, 

 Harper's Monthly and Weekly, Appletona? 

 Journal^ etc., etc. 



TURKEY,* an empire in Europe, Asia, and 

 Africa. Grand-Sultan, Abd-ul-Aziz Khan, born 

 February 9, 1830. The area and population of 

 the European possessions of the Turkish Gov- 

 ernment were in 1871 given as follows : 



The total area of the possessions in Europe, 

 Asia, and Africa, was estimated at 1,920,944 

 square miles; the population at 43,600,000. 



At tbe close of the year 1870 the consoli- 

 dated debt amounted to 3,103,404,194 francs. 

 Two new loans were made in the course of the 



* For latest account of tbe religious denominations, of 

 the Turkish army, of the movement of shipping, and 

 other statistics, see ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1871. 



year 1871 : a loan of 1,860,000, contracted in 

 London in January, 1871, at eight per cent., 

 for paying the coupons due in January ; and a 

 loan of 5,700,000, contracted in August, 1871. 

 The fleet, in 1871, consisted of 19 iron-clads, 

 of 123 guns ; 27 screw-steamers, of 645 guns ; 

 9 corvettes and 13 avisos, of 820 guns ; 12 gun- 

 boats, of 28 guns; and 35 transports, of 52 

 guns: total, 115 steamers, of 1,668 guns. Be- 

 sides, there were 53 sailing-vessels, of differ- 

 ent construction and armament. The length 

 of railroads in operation in Turkey in Europe, 

 in 1871, was limited to 185 miles, compris- 

 ing the two lines from Varna to Rustchuk, 

 and from Kustendj6 to Tschernavoda. Conces- 

 sions were made, however, for the construc- 

 tion of several lines, of an aggregate length 

 of 1,487 miles, all of which are now being 

 pushed forward energetically. In Asia Minor 

 there have been, since 1867, 144 miles of rail- 

 road in operation, running from Smyrna to 

 various points in the vicinity. The length of 

 telegraph-lines, in 1870, was 15,800 miles; the 

 length of wire 26,335 miles. 



Turkey lost in 1871 two of its great states- 

 men, Aali Pacha and Omer Pacha ; but the re- 

 forms which have for some time been au- 

 spiciously inaugurated had a warm friend in the 

 new Grand-Vizier, Mahnmd Pacha. Nothing 

 appears at present to work more efficiently for 

 the advance of civilization than the steady 

 progress of the railroads. The Government 

 was greatly troubled by the many fierce con- 

 flicts which agitated several Christian Churches 

 of the empire. The Bulgarians made consid- 

 erable progress toward the reestablishment of 

 a national church. The Papal nuncio, Fanchi, 

 in vain invoked the aid of the Turkish Govern- 

 ment to settle the disputes among the Arme- 

 nians ; he had to leave Constantinople without 

 having accomplished the object of his mission. 

 From Syria, reports were received of an im- 

 portant movement among the Mohammedans 

 in favor of joining the Roman Catholic Church. 



Roumania continued to be agitated by the 

 controversy concerning railroad grants and by 

 riots. On the birthday of the German Em- 

 peror, the lowest classes of people at Bucha- 

 rest, who, like the majority of Roumanians, pro- 

 fessed an enthusiastic sympathy with France in 

 her struggle against Germ any, committed vari- 

 ous outrages against the Germans, and in Sep- 

 tember the prefect of police was found guilty 

 of having instigated these outrages. The press- 

 ure brought upon the Roumanian Government 

 by the diplomacy of foreign powers, in the 

 question of railroad grants, induced at last the 

 Roumanian Chambers to recognize their obli- 

 gation to indemnify the creditors of the state. 

 The position of Prince Charles, amid the vio- 

 lent excitement of the political parties, is one 

 of great difficulty, and it was doubted on many 

 sides whether he would much longer be able to 

 maintain his position. 



In August a bloody insurrection broke out 

 in Albania, and about the same time Ferkam 



