UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1870. 



UNIVERSALISTS. 



759 



by withdrawing from domestic life for nearly 

 four years an average body of a million and a 

 half of men from eighteen to forty -five years of 

 age. 4. The indirect loss by the war in the check 

 given to immigration. For the four years pre- 

 ceding the war the accession by immigration 

 aggregated 649,354; in the four years fol- 

 lowing the war, 1,163,128 ; during the four 

 years of the war, only 553,605. Assuming for 

 the middle period a mean between the first 

 and last periods, there is a loss from this source 

 alone of 353,000. 



In order to facilitate comparisons, the gen- 

 eral forms and moulds of preceding census pub- 

 lications have been retained in the ninth cen- 

 sus. Large additions, however, have been 

 made to the number of tables for the purpose 

 of more completely presenting the information 

 obtained in the enumeration ; while the tables 

 which correspond in general to those of former 

 publications have been enlarged. Two in- 

 quiries were added to schedule No. 1. The 

 first was intended to obtain the number of 

 male citizens of the United States in each State, 

 of twenty-one years and upward ; the second, 

 to obtain the number of such citizens whose 

 right to vote is denied or abridged on other 

 grounds than rebellion or crime. The total 

 number of the former class in the States and 

 Territories was 8,433,475, and of the latter, 

 43,829 ; the latter figures are regarded as only 

 approximatively accurate. After the inquiry, 

 " Place of birth," two columns were added 

 to show whether the father or mother of each 

 person was of foreign birth. The inquiry 

 which appears in the census law of 1850, 

 " Married within the year," was altered to 

 read, " If married within the year, state the 

 month ; " and a column was introduced with 

 the heading, " If born within the year, state 

 the month." These two changes were intro- 

 duced for the purpose of making the statistics 

 of this country comparable with those of many 

 European countries, which give the month for 

 the three capital events of life birth, mar- 

 riage, and death. The month of death appears 

 in the mortality schedule. The returns con- 

 cerning marriage were very imperfect, while 

 the statistics of births are of a high degree of 

 value, and exhibit with great accuracy the 

 varying influence of the seasons upon human 

 reproduction in each section of the Union. In 

 the schedules of 1850 and 1860, the " Illiteracy " 

 column shows the number of " persons over 

 twenty-one years of age who cannot read or 

 write." In 1870 there are two columns giving 

 separately those who " cannot read," and^those 

 who " cannot write ; " while the limitation of 

 age has been so modified as to bring within 

 the scope of this inquiry all persons above ten 

 years of age. In the tabulation of results, il- 

 literacy will be shown for three periods, viz. : 

 10 to 15, 15 to 20, and 20 and over. 



The inquiry upon the agricultural schedule 

 previously in use, " acres of unimproved land," 

 was divided on the schedules of 1870 into " acres 



of woodlanfl," and " acres of other unimproved 

 land." A column was added for the inquiry, 

 " Total amount of wages paid during the year, 

 including value of board." The Inquiry, 

 "Bushels of wheat raised" in 1850, was di- 

 vided in 1870, as " bushels of spring wheat," 

 " bushels of winter wheat." Under the head 

 of dairy products, was added the inquiry. 

 "Amount of milk sold." A column lor tin- 

 "value of forest products, including wood, 

 lumber, staves, poles, etc.," was added to the 

 schedule of 1870. By far the most important 

 addition to this schedule was the inquiry, 

 "Total value of farm productions during the 

 year." Upon the manufacturing schedule, the 

 inquiry, " Kind of motive power, machinery, 

 structure, or resource," was developed into 

 inquiries occupying four columns of the sched- 

 nle of 1870, viz. : 1. " Kind of motive power " 

 (steam, water, wind, horse, or hand) ; 2. " If 

 steam or water, number of horse-power;" 3. 

 and 4. "Name" and "number "of machines 

 used. The result of the division of these in- 

 quiries at the ninth census has been to secure 

 full and reliable material for the first time, for 

 a report of the steam and water power of the 

 country employed in manufactures. No sta- 

 tistics of this kind have ever been prepared in 

 the United States, except a careful report for 

 the State of Khode Island, and a report more 

 or less accurate for the city of Philadelphia. 

 The information in regard to the machinery 

 used in the cotton, wool, iron, and other im- 

 portant industries, and in regard to the capa- 

 city of the grist and flouring establishments, 

 has also been obtained with fulness and accu- 

 racy. Concerning the causes of death, urgent 

 instructions, at length, were given to assistant- 

 marshals in advance, to report the cause of 

 death as minutely and specifically as possible ; 

 and also, wherever it should be found practi- 

 cable, to submit their schedules of mortality to 

 the physician of the neighborhood or village, 

 with a view to having deficiencies supplied 

 and errors corrected. The improvement made 

 is partially shown by the fact that the unknown 

 causes of death at the present census aggre- 

 gate but 17,266, being 3.67 per cent, of the total 

 deaths, not violent, reported; while the un- 

 known causes of death returned in 1860 were 

 36,707, being 9.81 per cent, of the total deaths 

 not violent. 



UNIVERSALISTS. The General Conven- 

 tion of Universalists of the United States met 

 in Philadelphia, on the 9th of September, with 

 the Rev. W. II. Ryder, D. D., as President. 

 The Treasurer's report showed the amount to 

 the credit of the Murray centenary fund 

 to be $113,494.94. This fund was provided 

 for at the meeting of the convention held at 

 Gloucester, Mass., in 1870, when it was de- 

 cided that $200,000 should bo raised in honor 

 of the centenary of Universalism. The gen- 

 eral receipts, outside of the Murray fund, 

 were $26,518.48. The convention appeared 

 to be laboring under an indebtedness of $31,000, 



