AUSTRIA, ARCHDUCHESS OF. 



AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY. 47 



compete annually for a scholarship of 200 

 per annum, tenable for four years at a British 

 university. 



Queensland. The returns for 1870 are 111 

 schools, under the control of the Board of Edu- 

 cation; aggregate attendance 16,227. Incase 

 the inhabitants of a district raise by subscrip- 

 tion the sum of 1,000, for the purpose of es- 

 tablishing a grammar-school, the Government 

 contributes double the amount for the erection 

 of the necessary buildings. As yet, only Bris- 

 bane and Ipswich have availed themselves of 

 this grant. The number of private schools is 101. 



New Zealand. The number of public schools 

 is 244, with an average attendance of 12,052 

 scholars. 



The least progressive of the Australian colo- 

 nies is Tasmania. The one railway of the isl- 

 and was, in 1872, abandoned to the Govern- 

 ment, because it failed to pay working ex- 

 penses. The ministry of the colony resigned 

 because the Assembly rejected an income-tax, 

 proposed to supplement an insufficient reve- 

 nue; but for a time no one could be found to 

 fill their places. An agitation is going on in 

 part of the island for annexation to Victoria. 



AUSTRIA, SOPHIA FKEDEKICA DOROTHEA 



WlLHELMINA, ARCHDUCHESS OF, wife of FBANZ 



KARL, Archduke of Austria, and mother of the 

 present Emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph, 

 born at Munich January 27, 1805 ; died in Vi- 

 enna May 28, 1872. She was a daughter of 

 the Elector and King of Bavaria, Maximilian 

 Joseph. At the age of nineteen, she married 

 the Archduke Franz Karl, son of the Emperor 

 Francis I. of Austria, by his second wife. The 

 archduke was a man of weak intellect, and 

 his ambitious, energetic spouse was greatly his 

 superior in ability, and had resolved to become 

 a power in the state. A thorough believer in 

 "the divine right of kings," and detesting 

 every thing which looked like popular freedom 

 of action, she was on the alert to repress 

 every republican movement in the empire. 

 In 1848, when Austria, like most of the states 

 of Europe, was convulsed by revolution, she 

 made her sharpest strokes of policy, and, under 

 the cover of his son's name, attained to almost 

 absolute power. The Emperor Ferdinand 

 (brother of Franz Karl) having abdicated, 

 and her husband having renounced his claim 

 to the throne, her eldest son, the Emperor 

 Franz Joseph, then a boy of eighteen years, 

 succeeded, by her adroit management, and she 

 became, in the stormy peried which followed, 

 the controlling spirit in the councils of the 

 empire, and urged on with implacable resolu- 

 tion the sanguinary conflict with the Hunga- 

 rians, who, under the leadership of Kossuth, 

 refused to recognize Franz Joseph, and battled 

 heroically for independence. The ferocity 

 with which this war was waged is laid to her 

 charge ; and it was she, although nominally the 

 young Emperor, who appalled Europe by caus- 

 ing the execution of thirteen Hungarian nobles 

 and generals on a single day. Her reactionary 



policy, which was carried in to everyone of the 

 governmental measures, momentarily triumph- 

 ed, only, as the recent history of the Austrian 

 Empire shows, to be reversed in after-years, 

 when successive disasters proved the want of 

 wisdom she had displayed. Besides the Em- 

 peror, the archduchess was the mother of three 

 sons, the elder of whom was the unfortunate 

 Archduke Maximilian (so-called Emperor of 

 Mexico), whose melancholy fate in Mexico sad- 

 dened her declining years. The other two 

 sons hold positions in the Austrian Army. 



AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY, an 

 empire in Europe. Emperor, Francis Joseph L, 

 born August 18, 1830 ; succeeded his uncle, Fer- 

 dinand I., on December 2, 1848. Heir-apparent, 

 Archduke Rudolph, born August 21, 1858. The 

 ministry for the common affairs of the whole 

 monarchy was at the beginning of the year 1872 

 composed as follows : Count Andrassy (former- 

 ly Prime-Minister of Hungary), Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs ; Baron von Holzgethan, Minister 

 of Finances; Baron Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld, 

 Minister of War. 



The area of the total empire is 240,381 square 

 miles; that of the cis-Leithan provinces 115,- 

 925. Total population of the whole empire, 

 according to the last official census of 1869, 

 35,904,435;* of the cis-Leithan provinces, 

 20,394,980 (or, exclusive of the army, 20,217,- 

 531). The following table shows the population 

 of each of the cis-Leithan provinces, according 

 to official calculation based on the movement of 

 population, at the close of the year 1871, as well 

 as its area : 



In 1830, these provinces had a population 

 of 15,588,142, showing an increase, during the 

 period from 1830 to 1869, of 29.70 per cent., .or 

 of 0.76 annually. More recently the increase 

 has been more rapid. In 1850, the cis-Leithan 

 provinces had a population of 17,534,950, and 

 in 1857 of 18,224,500, showing since 1850 an 

 annual increase of 0.81 per cent., and since 

 1857, of 0.91. 



The population of the capitals of the several 

 provinces of cis-Leithania, according to the 

 census of 1869, was as follows: 



* The population of each of the provinces of the em- 

 pire, according to the census of 1869, is given in the 

 AMEBICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1871. 



