BADEN. 



BALTA, JOSE. 



ber 8, 1872. He was a great-grandson of Ben- 

 jamin Franklin, a cousin of the late Prof. A. 

 D. Bache, and a brother of Dr. Franklin Bache. 

 He entered the Military Academy in 1814, grad- 

 uated thence in 1818, and was at once pro- 

 moted as brevet captain of staff, and assistant 

 topographical engineer. For a period of forty- 

 seven years, without any extended leave of 

 absence, he was constantly employed on topo- 

 graphical surveys and works of hydrographic 

 and civil engineering under the direction of 

 the War Department, and subsequently served 

 on the Light-house Board till May 7, 1867, 

 when he was at his own request placed on the 

 retired list. He had risen through the various 

 grades of engineer rank by "the faithful and 

 continuous performance of his duties, and in 

 March, 1865, received the brevet of brigadier- 

 general, the highest honor of his corps, for 

 long, faithful, and meritorious services. Among 

 his engineering works of most conspicuous 

 merit were the construction of the Delaware 

 breakwater, and the successful application of 

 iron-screw piles for the foundation of light- 

 houses upon sandy shoals and coral-reefs. But 

 his long record is too full for a mention of even 

 its most salient details. Bearing a name dis- 

 tinguished in the annals of the army and of 

 science, he not only kept it unsullied but added 

 to its lustre by his numerous and important 

 services to his country, dignifying the corps of 

 which he was an honored member by his abili- 

 ties and achievements, and sustaining always 

 the high title of a soldier and gentleman. 



BADEN, a grand-duchy in Southwestern 

 Germany, forming a part of the German Em- 

 pire. Grand-duke Frederick, born September 

 9, 1826, became regent of Baden in the place 

 of his imbecile brother, Grand-duke Ludwig, 

 on the death of his father in 1852 ; assumed 

 the title Grand-duke of Baden in 1856 ; married 

 on September 20th to Luise, only daughter of 

 the Emperor of Germany; heir-apparent, his 

 eldest son, Frederick William, born July 9, 

 1857. The state ministry consists of Dr. J. 

 Jolly, President (since February 12, 1868) and 

 Minister of the Interior (since July 27, 1866) ; 

 R. von Freydorf, President of the Ministry of 

 the Grand-ducal Houses of Justice and Foreign 

 Affairs (since February 2, 1871); L. 0. F. 

 Turban, President of the Ministry of Com- 

 merce (since October, 1872); and M. Ellstat- 

 ler, President of the Ministry of Finance (since 

 February, 1868). 



During the session of the Diet, which was 

 opened on November 21, 1871, and closed on 

 March 21, 1872, the relations between church 

 and state were a prominent subject of legisla- 

 tion. An additional section to the law on 

 public instruction was adopted, according to 

 which members of religious orders, or of re- 

 ligious congregations resembling orders, are 

 not permitted to act as teachers at any school 

 or educational institution of the grand-duchy. 

 The law was adopted by all votes except the 

 eight of the Catholic and the three votes of 



the democratic party. The Government was 

 authorized, in individual cases, to exempt per- 

 sons from the provisions of the law. The 

 Diet also, for the first time, discussed the wom- 

 an's rights question, Deputy Muller, of Pforz- 

 heim, advocating the principle that in all 

 questions relating to women, and in particular 

 to all questions concerning female schools, 

 woman should take a part in the discussion 

 and the adoption of the laws. 



The special ministry of war was abolished 

 on December 27, 1871, as the military conven- 

 tion concluded with Prussia provided for the 

 entire consolidation of the Baden army with 

 that of Prussia. Area, 5,912 square miles ; 

 population, according to the census of 1871, 

 1,461,428. The country is divided into four 

 districts, which, in 1871, had the following 

 area and population : 



The population of the largest cities, in 1871, 

 was as follows : Carlsruhe, 36,622 ; Mannheim, 

 39,614; Freiburg, 24,599 ; Heidelberg, 19,988; 

 Pforzheim, 19,801; Eastatt, 11,559; Baden, 

 10,083 ; Constance, 10,052 ; Bruchsal, 9,786. 



In the budget for the two years 1872 and 

 1873, the revenue and expenditure were esti- 

 mated at 37,529,329 florins each. The general 

 public debt, on January 1, 1872, amounted to 

 33,608,015 florins; the railroad debt to 123,- 

 965,416 florins. The army of Baden consti- 

 tutes the larger portion of the Fourteenth 

 Army Corps of the German Army. 



BALTA, Colonel Jos, President of the Re- 

 public of Peru from August, 1868, to his 

 death ; was murdered by order of his late Min- 

 ister of War, General Tom as Gutierrez, July 

 26, 1872. Colonel Balta, who had taken an 

 active part in the various revolutions with 

 which Peru has been afflicted for many years, 

 and who had led a revolt in Northern Peru 

 against the sway of the Dictator-President 

 Prado in 1867, was elected President himself 

 by a large majority in April, 1868, and was in- 

 augurated August 2, 1868. His administra- 

 tion had been on the whole a prosperous and 

 popular one, though there had been some small 

 disturbances between the Peruvians and Ital- 

 ians resident in the country, and a serious in- 

 surrection of the Chinese coolies. But the 

 people, or rather the politicians who rule them, 

 are fickle, and ready for any change which will 

 give them a hold on power. The principal 

 complaint made against Colonel Balta was, 

 that his administration was too progressive ; 

 too ready to adopt the views and policy of 

 other prosperous American republics. As the 

 time for the presidential election drew near, 

 and he could not, according to the Constitu- 

 tion, be at once reflected, he had thrown his 



