BRAZIL. 



33 S., and from lat. 35 to 73 W. It is bound- 

 ed north by the United States of Colombia, 

 Venezuela, British, French, and Dutch Guiana, 

 and the Atlantic Ocean ; east by the Atlantic ; 

 south by Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, and 

 Paraguay; and west by Bolivia, Peru, Ecua- 

 dor, and the United States of Colombia. Thus it 

 is seen that the empire borders upon all the 

 South American states, save Patagonia and 

 Chili. It occupies more than two-fifths of the 

 South American Continent, and has, after Rus- 

 sia, the most extensive contiguous territory of 

 any government on the globe. The line of di- 

 vision at the extreme northwest has not been 

 definitively drawn; but, including the tract 

 annexed to the empire by a recent treaty with 

 Bolivia, it covers an area of about 3,200,000 

 square miles. Paraguay ceded in 1872 to Bra- 

 zil, as a war indemnity, a long-disputed terri- 

 tory comprised between the Paraguay and Pa- 

 rana Rivers, north of the Apa and Igatim. 

 This territory has an area of 1,000 geographi- 

 cal square miles, and costs Brazil at the rate 

 of $35 per acre, or $225,000 per square league ; 

 nearly 40 times as much as the best lands in 

 the United States or Australia can be had for. 

 Its greatest breadth is 2,470 miles, and its 

 greatest length 2,600. The empire is divided 

 into 20 provinces, and one neutral municipality 

 (municipio neutro), which, with their areas, 

 population in 1871, and capitals, are as fol- 

 lows : 



The population of Brazil has been variously 

 estimated at different periods, since no facility 

 exists for computing it with absolute accuracy, 

 and no regular census has been taken. Some 

 authorities set down the population as high 

 as 12,000,000, while others admit no more 

 than 7,000,000, but the foregoing table is re- 

 garded as the nearest approach to accuracy at 

 the present time. There are in the empire 

 more than 200,000 nomadic Indians, not in- 

 cluded in the above figures. The population 

 of Brazil is made up of a mixture of whites, 

 aborigines, and Africans. The early settlers, 

 rarely accompanied by women of their own 



country, intermarried with the Indian women, 

 from which union sprang the mamalucos, or 

 mestizos ; and at a later period with the ne- 

 gro women imported as slaves, producing the 

 mulattoes. An extensive intermixture also took 

 place between the blacks and the Indians, 

 whence originated the cqfuzos. The mamalu- 

 cos and cafuzos, with the civilized and the 

 savage Indians, and the Africans, compose 

 perhaps two-thirds of the whole population, 

 the remainder being whites. The African ele- 

 ment is most numerous in the central-coast 

 provinces and Minas Geraes; the Indian pre- 

 dominates in the northern provinces; while 

 the large cities of the seaboard are chiefly 

 descendants of Europeans. It is a curious 

 fact that, spite of the superabundance of suit- 

 able and fertile regions for the establish- 

 ment of colonies in Brazil, almost all the 

 colonial nuclei have been formed in districts 

 either mountainous and of limited fertility, else 

 subject to periodical inundations, or far re- 

 moved from highways, navigable rivers, and 

 seaports. There are a few, but very few, ex- 

 ceptions; but, altogether, colonization in the 

 empire has not so far justified the sanguine 

 expectations and predictions of the instigators 

 of the scheme. A number of the colonies 

 (there were fifty in 1869, with about 40,000 set- 

 tlers), which are mostly in the central and 

 southern provinces, have, in spite of all diffi- 

 culties, flourished and become independent of 

 state direction ; others are still under the juris- 

 diction of the Department of Agriculture. Over 

 1,000 of the 1,168 immigrants from Hamburg 

 to Brazil, in 1871, were Germans. The num- 

 ber from the same port in 1872 was about 

 3,000. 



The Government is constitutional and hered- 

 itary : Emperor, Dom Pedro II., born Decem- 

 ber 2, 1825 ; proclaimed April 7, 1831 ; regency 

 from the latter date till July 23, 1840 ; crowned 

 July 18, 1841 ; married September 4, 1843, to 

 Theresa Christina Maria, daughter of the. late 

 King Francis I. of the Two Sicilies. 



Minister of the Interior, Dr. J. A. Correa de 

 Oliveira, Deputy; Minister of Justice, Dr. M. 

 A. Duarte de Azevedo, Deputy; Minister of 

 Foreign Affairs, M. F. Correa, Deputy ; Min- 

 ister of War, J. J. de O. Junqueira, Deputy ; 

 Minister of Marine, J. D. Ribeiro do Luz, 

 Senator; Minister of Agriculture and Public 

 Works, Baron d'ltatina, Senator; and Min- 

 ister of Finance, Viscount do Rio Branco, 

 Senator, Councillor of State, President of the 

 Council of State and of the Tribunal of the 

 National Treasury. The Council of State is com- 

 posed of the following members in ordinary: 

 the Princess Imperial, Donna Izabel ; Prince 

 Gaston d'Orleans, Count d'Eu; Viscount de 

 Abaete; Viscount Sapucahy; Viscount SSo 

 Vicente ; Viscount do Rio Branco ; J. T. Na- 

 buco de Araujo; Baron do Bom Retire; Bar- 

 on de Muritiba ; and members extraordinary : 

 Senator F. de Salles Torres Homem ; D. Leite 

 Ribeiro; Senators Baron das Tres-Barras ; C. 



