74 



BRAZIL. 



line cost $10,140 ; and the provincial govern- 

 ment contributed $5,033 in money and $6,663 

 in posts toward defraying the expenses of con- 

 struction. 



Street-cars, of which there are numerous 

 lines in Eio de Janeiro and Bahia, and some 

 other cities, have largely contributed to the de- 

 velopment of trade and industry, and been pro- 

 ductive of a marked social revolution. The 

 Brazilian women, until lately kept in a more 

 than Turkish seclusion, and never seen 

 abroad save in the company of father, brother, 

 or husband, are now constantly met with in 

 the horse-cars, entirely unaccompanied. 



The navigation of the Araguaya is now an 

 established fact: a steamer plies regularly be- 

 tween Para and Goyaz, the capital of Minas 

 Geraes. A new survey of the Amazon was 

 made at the end of the year, at the expense 

 of Government, and the steam communication 

 on that vast river is to be notably extended. 

 Indeed, Brazil is exploring all her great rivers, 

 and establishing npon them, slowly it is true, 

 a regular system of navigation ; so that in a 

 few years the interior of the empire, so long 

 shut out from the world, will be opened to 

 commerce and commercial industry. On the 

 one hand, the British have replaced the former 

 Brazilian company in the management of 

 steaming on the Amazon ; on the other, Amer- 

 ican enterprise is penetrating the Madeira and 

 Mam ore", opening up communication by steam, 

 and substituting the locomotive for the steam- 

 boat wherever natural obstructions present in- 

 surmountable impediments to navigation. 



On the 8th of January died the Viscount 

 d'ltaborahy, formerly President of the Coun- 

 cil of State, and afterward leader of the party 

 opposed to the emancipation of slaves. Ratifi- 

 cations of the peace treaty between Brazil and 

 Paraguay took place March 26th, and the text 

 of the treaty was published on the 2d of April. 

 Its more important points are as follows : 



ARTICLE 3. The Government of the Kepublic of 

 Paraguay will recognize as debt of the said repub- 

 lic: 



1. The amount of the indemnity of war costs 

 ($360,000,000), incurred by his Majesty the Emperor 

 of Brazilj and of the losses caused to the public prop- 

 erty, which will be treated of in the special conven- 

 tion treated of in article four. 



2. The amount of the losses and damages caused 

 to persons and citizens of said state. This indem- 

 nity will be fixed according to article 5. 



ART. 4. A special convention, which will be held, 

 at the latest, within two years, will fix benevolently 

 the quantum of the indemnities treated of under the 

 first number of the preceding article, in view of of- 

 ficial documents ; will settle the mode of payment, 

 and the quotas of interest and amortization of the 

 capital ; and will designate the revenues which shall 

 be applied to their payment. 



ART. 5. Two months after exchanging the ratifica- 

 tions of the present treaty, a mixed commission, 

 composed of two judges and two umpires, shall be 

 appointed, to examine and settle the indemnities re- 

 sulting from the causes mentioned under the second 

 number of article three. 



This commission shall meet in the city of Eio de 

 Janeiro or Asuncion, as may be agreed on by the 

 two Governments. 



In cases of disagreement between the judges, one 

 of the umpires shall be chosen by lot, and he will de- 

 cide the question. 



Should it occur (what is not expected) that one 

 of the high contracting parties fail, for any motive 

 whatever, to appoint the commissioner and umpire 

 within the terms stipulated above, or, after appoint- 

 ing them, do not, if it becomes necessary to substi- 

 tute them, substitute them within an equal time, the 

 commissioner and umpire of the other contracting 

 party will proceed to the examination and settlement 

 of the respective reclamations, and their decisions 

 shall bind the government whose mandatories are 

 wanting. 



ART. 6. The term of eighteen months is fixed for 

 the presenting of all the claims which are to be 

 judged by the mixed commission spoken of in the 

 preceding article, and after the expiration of the 

 term no other claim will be received. 



Debts of this origin will be paid by the Paraguay- 

 an Government, as they become settled, in bonds at 

 par, drawing 6 per cent, annual amortization. 



ART. 7 binds Jboth parties to put into force at once 

 in their respective jurisdictions the clauses relating 

 to the river navigation of the Paraguay., Parana, and 

 Uruguay. 



ART. 8. The- navigation of those rivers, from the 

 mouth to the ports qualified therefor by the respec- 

 tive states, is free to the commerce of all nations. 



ART. 9. The liberty of navigation for all flags, 

 treated of in the preceding article, does not extend to 

 the tributaries (save special laws or stipulations to 

 the contrary) nor to the navigation between port 

 and port of the same nation. 



Each state may thus reserve to its own flag one or 

 other of these navigations, but it will be free to the 

 citizens and subjects of other riverain states to 

 load their goods in the vessels employed in the said 

 interior or coasting-trade. 



ART. 10. Ships-of-war of the riverain states will 

 also enjoy liberty of transit and entry in all the course 

 of the rivers opened to merchant-vessels. 



Ships-of-war of non-riverain nations may come 

 only to where in each riverain state they may be 

 permitted, and the concession of one state shall not 

 extend beyond the limits of its territory, nor in any 

 way bind the other riverain states. 



ART. 11 provides that merchant-vessels in transit 

 on those rivers shall be subjected to no onus or ob- 

 stacle, nor to any law or regulation not agreed upon 

 by all the riverain states. Vessels for ports of any 

 riverain state will be subject to the private laws of 

 that, while within a river section wherein one or 

 both banks belong to that state. 



ART. 12 provides for extra places where vessels 

 may call for repairs, fuel, etc. 



ART. 13 declares ships of- war exempt from all dues 

 and formalities. 



ART, 14 provides for a uniform navigation and po- 

 lice regimen, to be made by mutual agreement of all 

 the riverain states. 



ART. 15 provides for the free transit of the rivers 

 in time of war, except as to contraband of war and 

 ports effectively blockaded. 



ART. 16 declares that both states adhere to the 

 declaration of the Paris Congress of April 16, 1856. 



ART. 17. The Government of his Majesty the Em- 

 peror of Brazil confirms and ratifies the engagement 

 contracted by articles 8 and 9 of the treaty of May 1, 

 1865, which he made with the Argentine Kepublic 

 and the Oriental Eepublic of Uruguay. 



Consequently, he binds himself to perpetually re- 

 spect, on his part, the independence, sovereignty,, 

 and integrity of the Eepublic of Paraguay, and to 

 guarantee it during the term of five years. 



ART. 18 provides that, in case of disputes, both 

 countries will recur to the good offices of a friendly 

 nation before resorting to hostilities. 



ART. 19 declares that this treaty does not prejudice 

 the special stipulations of the Brazilian treaties with 

 Argentina and Uruguay. 



