EGYPT. 



277 



Turkish title of Ismail was Wali of Egypt. 

 Ismail Pacha, born at Cairo, in 1830, is the sec- 

 ond of the three sons of Ibrahim Pacha, his 

 elder brother being Prince Achmed, who was 

 drowned in the Nile. His younger brother is 

 Mustapha Fazyl Pacha, now living in Con- 

 stantinople. A hattischerif of February 13, 

 1841, had made the rule over the pachalic of 

 Egypt hereditary in the family of Mehemet 

 Ali, the oldest living male member of the 

 family being entitled to succession, in accord- 

 ance with the law which also predominates 

 at Constantinople. According to this law, 

 Ibrahim Pacha, who died in 1848, was suc- 

 ceeded by Abbas Pacha, a grandson of Me- 

 hemet Ali, born in 1813. When Abbas Pacha 

 died in 1854, the fourth son of Mehemet Ali, 

 Said Pacha, born in 1822, ascended the 

 throne, who, in 1863, was succeeded by Is- 

 mail, the present Khedive. The successor of 

 Ismail would have been his younger brother, 

 Mustapha Fazyl Pacha ; but, in 1866, the Sul- 

 tan, at the request of the Khedive, changed 

 the law of succession, so as to make the pa- 

 chalic hereditary in the direct male line of the 

 ruling prince. The Khedive has four sons: 

 Mohammed Thewfik Pacha, twenty-one years 

 old, heir-apparent according to the new law 

 of succession, and President of the Council of 

 State, has been educated at Cairo, partly by 

 European instructors, and speaks French flu- 

 ently; Hussein Pacha, twenty years old, In- 

 spector-General of the Delta, has been edu- 

 cated at Paris ; Hassan Pacha, nineteen years 

 old, has been educated at London ; Ibrahim 

 Pacha, fifteen years old. 



At the head of the administration is a Coun- 

 cil of State, established in 1856. It was com- 

 posed, in 1872, of the eldest son of the Khedive 

 as president ; of Mansur Pacha, son-in-law of 

 the Khedive, Sherif Pacha, Nubar Pacha, 

 Abdallah Pacha, Ragheb Pacha, and Ratib 

 Pacha. 



The Cabinet was reconstructed in Septem- 

 ber, 1872, and composed of the following 

 members: Presidency, and Justice and Grace, 

 Sherif Pacha; Foreign Affairs, Nubar Pacha; 

 Finances, Omer Pacha Lutfi ; Interior, Ismail 

 Pacha Muffetish ; Public Instruction and Pub- 

 lic Works, Hussein Pacha ; War, Kisim Pa- 

 cha ; Navy, Latif Pacha. 



The area of Egypt is generally estimated at 

 about 659,000 square miles ; but E. de Regny, 

 in his semi-official " Statistique de VlSgypte 

 d'apres des documents officiels " (Alexandria, 

 1872), claims 926,936. The area of Egypt 

 proper is, in the official " Guide General 

 tfEgypte " (Alexandria, third year, 1869-'70), 

 estimated at 216,235 square miles. Of 

 these only 9,737 square miles are at present 

 cultivated land, and only 2,040 square miles 

 more are adapted for cultivation; the re- 

 mainder are deserts and lakes. 



The population of all Egypt is about 8,000,- 

 000 ; that of Egypt proper was, according to 

 Regny, in March, 1871, as follows: 



According to the reports of the consuls, 

 the foreign population amounted in 1871 to 

 89,792, embracing 34,000 Greeks, 24,052 Ital- 

 ians, 17,000 Frenchmen, 6,300 Austrians, 6,000 

 Englishmen, 1,100 Germans, 580 Persians, 

 253 Dutch, 185 Spaniards. The population 

 of Cairo in 1871 was 353,851 (21,753 foreign- 

 ers); of Alexandria, 219,602 (53,829 foreign 

 ers); Damietta, 28,913 (50 foreigners); Ro- 

 setta, 14,978); Suez, 13, 625 (2,500 foreigners) ; 

 Port Said, 8,859 (4,310 foreigners). 



The total receipts for the year ending April 

 2, 1870, according to the official budget, 

 amounted to 1,458,729 purses, and the total 

 expenditure to 1,283,830 purses (500 piastres = 

 1 purse, 20 piastres = 1 American dollar), 

 The public debt amounted, in January, 1871, 

 to about 40,550,000. In April, 1872, the 

 house of Oppenheim, in London, advanced to 

 the Khedive 4,000,000 for eighteen months. 

 The navy, in 1870, consisted of twelve steam- 

 ers (3 yachts, 2 frigates, 2 corvettes, 4 screw- 

 gunboats, and 1 aviso). The value of the com- 

 merce of Alexandria with foreign countries 

 was, in 1871 : imports, 560,900,000 piastres ; 

 exports, 999,500,000. 



The periodical press in Egypt is almost con- 

 fined to the city of Alexandria. There the 

 following papers were published in 1870 : 

 VEgypte, an official organ of the Egyptian 

 Government, daily, political, and literary ; Le 

 Nil, tri-weekly, political, literary, and com- 

 mercial; L'Awenire d'Egitto and Vlnterna- 

 zionale, of the same character as the preced- 

 ing one ; Le Progres Egyptien, semi-weekly, 

 and as liberal as the press laws of Egypt will 

 allow, brings occasionally valuable articles on 

 the commercial, financial, and general condi- 

 tion of the country ; La Trombetta, an organ 

 of the commercial and navigation interests of 

 the country ; Manifesto Giornaliero, daily, 

 political and commercial; Echo, a Greek 

 journal. In Cairo is published, once a week, 

 an Arabic paper, Wadi-el-Nil (Valley of the 

 Nile). It appears on Friday, the holy day of 

 the Mohammedans, and is read by many groups 

 of Arabs sitting in the bazaars and the coffee- 

 houses, at the wells and the mosques. A 

 "Press Bureau" is connected with the De- 

 partment of Foreign Affairs. A statistical 

 year book was established in Alexandria in 

 1870 by E. de Regny ("Statistique de VEgypte 

 d'apr&s des documents officiels; " the third vol- 

 ume appeared in 1872). \ 



The cause of education has made consider- 

 able progress by the establishment in 1868 of 

 government schools in the large towns of the 

 country. These schools, in 1870, had an ag- 



