278 



EGYPT. 



gregate number of 4,000 pupils who gratui- 

 tously received not only instruction, but sup- 

 port, inclusive of clothing. These schools 

 embrace elementary as well as secondary edu- 

 cation. The former embraces the reading and 

 writing of Arabic, arithmetic, drawing, and 

 French, or some other foreign language. 

 From the primary classes the pupils pass over 

 into the secondary school, which embraces 

 the following sections: 1. The preparatory 

 course, embracing a three years' course, the 

 study of the Arabic, Turkish, French, Eng- 

 lish, and German languages, mathematics, 

 drawing, history, and geography. 2. The spe- 

 cial schools, which the pupil enters after finish- 

 ing the above course. These special schools 

 are 1. The Polytechnic School, the pupils of 

 which, after finishing a course of four years, 

 can choose, as in France, between the civil and 

 military career ; in the former case, he enters 

 for two years into the "School of Administra- 

 tion " (which, in 1871, had 75 pupils) ; subse- 

 quently, into the service of the state ; in the 

 latter case, he enters the Military Academy of 

 the Abbassieh at Cairo (with 750 pupils in 

 1870, against 500 in 1869). In 1871 the Poly- 

 technic School had 80 pupils, against 60 for the 

 preceding year. 2. The Law School, just or- 

 ganized, will embrace a course of four years, 

 and teach not only the Mohammedan, but also 

 the Roman law, and that of the Christian na- 

 tions in general. 3. The Philological and Arith- 

 metical School embraces mathematics, philo- 

 logy, rhetoric, prosody, and drawing. 4. The 

 School of Arts and Industry, in Balak, estab- 

 lished by Mehemet Ali, and greatly improved 

 under Ismail Pacha ; ha$ a course of three 

 years, and had, in 1871, about 100 pupils, 

 against 50 in 1869. 5. The Medical School, 

 with 75 pupils, with a School of Midwifery 

 (with 65 pupils in 1871, against 40 in 1870), 

 this is only one thus far existing in Eastern 

 countries. 6. The Naval School, in Alexan- 

 dria, which in 1869 had 31, and in 1871 85 

 pupils. Recently, Prof. Heinrich Brugsch, of 

 the University of Gottmgen, has been called 

 by the Egyptian Government to Cairo, in or- 

 der to establish there an academy for arche- 

 ology, and, in particular, for Egyptological 

 studies. 



Voluntary schools for primary instruction 

 are connected with the mosques. The number 

 of their pupils is rapidly increasing, and while 

 at the time of Mehemet Ali only one in a thou- 

 sand received education, now the number of 

 pupils is said to amount to 60,000, or about 

 6.10 of the entire population. 



The University of Cairo, called el- Ashar (the 

 Blossom), is visited by a large number of stu- 

 dents from Turkey, Asia Minor, Arabia, vari- 

 ous countries of Africa, and even from India 

 and the Sunda Islands. The number of the 

 students of the higher classes, in 1870, 

 amounted to 5,000, under 40 professors. About 

 one-half of the students are gratuitously sup- 

 ported. The preparatory classes, numbering 



many thousand pupils, are instructed by 260 

 teachers. In former times the university was 

 sometimes attended by as many as 20,000 pu- 

 pils. 



The arrivals in the three principal ports of 

 Egypt, in 1871, were as follows: 



The length of state railroads in operation 

 amounted to 1,047 kilometres (equal to 649 

 miles) ; of these roads, 286 miles have double 

 tracks. The only private road is that from Al- 

 exandria to Ramleh (5 miles). The road from 

 Cairo to Suez (90 miles) has been abandoned. 



The Egyptian mail, in 1871, forwarded 

 1,490,033 letters and 197,739 newspapers to 

 places in Egypt, and 72,723 letters and 4,456 

 newspapers to foreign countries. The Austrian 

 mail brought 108,960 letters from Europe, and 

 30,996 from the Levant. The Italian post 

 brought 164,000 letters and 173,000 newspapers, 

 books, and pamphlets, from Europe, and for- 

 warded 135,000 letters and 10,800 newspapers, 

 etc., to Europe. The Greek mail brought 28,- 

 269 letters and 25,776 newspapers from 

 Greece, and forwarded 29,958 letters and 1,946 

 newspapers. 



The telegraphs in operation, in 1872, were 

 (1 kilometre, equal to .621 mile) : 



The receipts of the Suez Canal for the year 

 1871 were 13,276,074 francs; the expenditures, 

 15,918,579 francs ; the receipts during the 

 first nine months of 1872, about 14,000,000 

 francs. The movement of shipping in the Suez 

 Canal, in 1871, was as follows : 



In June the Porte required the Khedive to 

 restrain the Suez Canal Company from levying 

 increased dues upon the gross tonnage of ves- 

 sels passing through the canal, as had been 

 proposed after the 1st of July, until some fur- 

 ther arrangement would be made. In order to 

 settle the pending difficulties, the Khedive, in 

 June, proceeded to Constantinople, where he 

 was well received, and appears to have fully 

 attained his object. In September the Sultan 

 issued a firman, making the dignity of Khedive 

 hereditary in the family of Ismail Pacha. The 

 firman, with a letter of the Sultan, brought by 



