288 EWELL, RICHARD S. 



300,000 in Great Britain ; 1,100,000 in France) ; 

 Letts, Lithuanians, and Prussians, 2,880,000, or 

 0.9 per cent, (with the exceptions of 150,000 be- 

 longing to Germany, all living in Russia) ; Is- 

 raelites, 5,000,000, or 1.7 per cent. (2,612,000 

 in Russia, 1,376,000 in the Austro-Hungarian 

 monarchy, 511,000 in Germany, etc.) ; Magyars 

 and Finns, 10,420,000, or 3.4 per cent. (5,450,00 

 in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 4,860,000 

 in Russia) ; Basques, Armenians, Gypsies, and 

 Moors, 1,780,000, or 0.6 per cent. ; Turks, Tar- 

 tars, Mongolians, 4,200,000, or 1.4 per cent. 

 (2,680,000 in Russia, 1,500,000 in Turkey), with 

 the exception of the Magyars and Turks ; these 

 races have, however, lost all, or nearly all, the 

 Characteristics of distinct nationalities, and 

 ha 76 become, or are fast becoming, absorbed 

 in o the predominant nationalities of the coun- 

 tries which they inhabit. 



The foreign colonies of European states are 

 exhibited in the following table : 



EWELL, Lieutenant-General RICHARD STOD- 

 DARD, one of the ablest officers of the Confed- 

 erate army in the late civil war, born in the 

 District of Columbia, though of a Virginian 

 family, in 1820 ; died in Maury County, Tenn., 

 January 25, 1872. He was nominated for a 

 cadet in the Military Academy by President 

 Jackson, in 1836, and graduated in"l840, rank- 

 ing thirteenth in his class. He was brevetted 

 second-lieutenant, in the First Dragoons, in 

 July, 1840, and received his commission as 

 full lieutenant in November, 1840. Five years 

 later, he was promoted to be first-lieutenant. 

 He served with distinction in the Mexican 

 War, commanding a squadron at Churubusco, 

 and being brevetted captain, in 1847, for gal- 

 lant and meritorious conduct at that battle 

 and at Contreras. He received his commission 



FEVERS AND SEWERS. 



as captain in August, 1849, and, from that 

 time till 1861, was employed on frontier duty 

 in New Mexico and Texas. At the commence- 

 ment of the civil war indeed, as soon as Vir- 

 ginia seceded, May 7, 1861 Captain Ewell 

 resigned, and accepted the command of a di- 

 vision from the Confederates. He took part 

 in the first battle of Bull Run, where his 

 forces were twice repulsed by the Union 

 troops. He did not, however, suffer in the 

 estimation of his superior officers by this re- 

 verse. He was raised to the rank of major- 

 general, and, at the head of a large force, w r as 

 one of the first in beginning hostilities in 1862. 

 In command of 5,000 men, he encountered 

 General Fremont, near Union Church, June 

 8th. The engagement was indecisive. The 

 Union troops lost 664 men, while Ewell re- 

 ported a total loss on his side of 329. The 

 troops expected to renew the fight next morn- 

 ing, but, during the night, Ewell evidently 

 retired, carrying away all but his mortally 

 wounded. He was next actually engaged in 

 resisting McClellan's advance upon Richmond. 

 General Lee sent him down the left bank of 

 the Chickahominy to watch the road leading 

 down the peninsula, and thus rendered him a 

 participant in all the succeeding military 

 movements consequent upon McClellan's re- 

 treat. In the hostilities which continued until 

 the surrender at Appomattox, General Ewell 

 took an active part, and was regarded as one 

 of the most capable commanders on the 

 Southern side. After the war, General Ewell, 

 like his fellow corps-commander, Longstreet, 

 frankly accepted the situation, and harbored no 

 malice toward the United States Government. 

 He had hazarded his life and prospects in life 

 for the cause, and. having lost, he had no dis- 

 position to repine. On his death-bed, after 

 making his will, he said to his attendants, with 

 his characteristic frankness and simple-heart- 

 edness : " I don't want any monument raised 

 over me only a plain head -stone and foot- 

 stone, like those over the graves of my father 

 and my mother, in Virginia. My rank while 

 in the Confederate service might be inscribed 

 upon one of the stones, but I wish nothing in 

 the inscription which will cast any reflection 

 npon the Government of the United States." 



F 



FEVERS AND SEWERS. Notwithstand- 

 ing the generally -acknowledged deleterious 

 influence of defective sewers, it seems to be a 

 well-established fact that men employed to 

 cleanse and repair sewers, etc., are not only 

 not carried off by fever, but appear to be sin- 

 gularly exempt from the ravages of that dis- 

 ease. The British Medical Journal, of a late 

 date, says that, in consequence of what has 

 been said with regard to the alleged cause of 

 the late illness of the Prince of Wales, Dr. 



Bowers, of the Metropolitan Board of Works 

 of London, ordered a return on the subject, 

 which presents a most unexpected array of 

 facts which seem, at least, to controvert the 

 generally-received views with regard to the 

 connection of fevers with imperfect sewerage. 

 Some of the details were as follows : 



Out of five inspectors employed from 23 to 

 48 years, there has never been a case of fever. 

 Out of 64 men engaged in cleansing and flush- 

 ing the northern sewers, for periods varying 



