GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN 1872. 



343 



one of whom Schweinfurth nearly succeeded in 

 bringing back with him. In 1870 a second visit 

 was made to the Niam-Niam, when, Decem- 

 ber 1st, a fire destroyed the depot of Ghattas, 

 including most of Schweinfurth's precious col- 

 lections. At the same time the traders met 

 with a repulse, and retreat became necessary. 

 Six months were still spent in the valley of 

 the Bahr-el-Ghazal, and were used in making 

 excursions to the west among tribes that have 

 been terribly reduced by the slave-trade. 



In the ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1871 it was 

 stated that an American newspaper (the New 

 York Herald) had sent one of its correspond- 

 ents to find and relieve Dr. Livingstone. The 

 report, at first doubted, proved to be true, and 

 in May, 1872, news was received from Zanzibar 

 that the correspondent, Henry M. Stanley, at 

 the head of a considerable expedition fitted out 

 from Zanzibar and Bangamoyo, had joined 

 Livingstone at Ujiji, in November, 1871, had 

 remained with him about four months, ascend- 

 ing the Tanganyika to its northern extremity, 

 and was subsequently accompanied by Dr. 

 Livingstone on his return journey as far as 

 Unyanyembe. In August, 1872, Mr. Stanley 

 reached Paris, and soon after England; was re- 

 ceived by the British Association for the Ad- 

 vancement of Science, and subsequently by the 

 Royal Geographical Society. He arrived in 

 New York, in November, 1872, where he was 

 received with abundant honors, and late in De- 

 cember published his narrative, " How I found 

 Livingstone." While all credit is due to Mr. 

 Stanley for his energy and enterprise in carry- 

 ing out the orders of his principal, Mr. J. G. 

 Bennett, and for his zealous and perilous ex- 

 pedition into the interior of Africa, we fail to 

 see that he has made any positive additions to 

 our geographical knowledge, or that he had 

 had the training or culture which would enable 

 him to do so. That he found Dr. Livingstone, 

 and rendered him material aid in the way of 

 supplies, was an indirect service to the cause 

 of science, and is worthy of commendation ; 

 but Mr. Stanley, obviously, was not qualified 

 to discuss the topics of African discovery with 

 the able geographers of Great Britain and the 

 Continent. Dr. Livingstone's discoveries dur- 

 ing the past five or six years may be bjriefly 

 summed up thus: He has ascertained that 

 Lake Tanganyika is not one of the sources of 

 the Nile. He has discovered five lakes, west, 

 southwest, and south of Tanganyika, namely, 

 Lake Bangweolo, between latitude 11 and 12 

 south ; Lake Moero, latitude 8* south ; Lake 

 Kamolondo, latitude 6 south, and longitude 

 25 30' east from Greenwich ; and Lake Lin- 

 coln, or Shebugo, on the same latitude, but 

 about 23* 40' east longitude ; and, finally, an 

 unknown lake, which he had not visited, but 

 had twice approached within fifty or sixty 

 miles. This lake lies in latitude 1 30' to 2 

 40' south, and between 25 and 26 east longi- 

 tude from Greenwich, and is probably the lake 

 described by Piaggia, These five lakes, so far 



as Dr. Livingstone has been able to trace, are 

 connected by the branches of a river, which he 

 names the Lualaba, or in its farthest extension 

 (to Lake Bangweolo) the Luapula. The east- 

 ernmost branch or fork of this stream he 

 names Webb's Lualaba, the central, Bartle 

 Frere's Lualaba, and the western, Young's 

 Lualaba. These streams he believes to be con- 

 nected, either through the Albert Nyanza or 

 by some more direct connection, with the 

 sources of the Nile ; but, as Dr. Petermann 

 has shown with great ability and clearness, the 

 probabilities are much stronger that they will 

 prove to be affluents and sources of the Congo 

 or Zaire, and to flow westward. Lake Bang- 

 weolo is 4,000 feet above the sea-level. The 

 German geographers have sent out an expedi- 

 tion under the leadership of Dr. Gtissfield, 

 amply provided to explore the country west of 

 this chain of lakes, and ascertain their connec- 

 tion with the Congo, going by way of the Lo- 

 ango coast. Gerhard Rohlfs is also on his way 

 to this region, by way of Lake Tchad ; and an 

 English Livingstone-Congo expedition, under 

 command of Lieutenant Grandy, had reached 

 Sierra Leone, where their men were to be en- 

 gaged, December 14, 1872, and On the 27th of 

 December set out for the south coast. The 

 party consisted of about twenty -five men. 

 Karl Mauch, the South-African explorer, has 

 been making explorations in the region of 

 Southeastern Africa lying between the Limpo- 

 po and the Zambezi, and believes that he has 

 found, in latitude 20 15' south and longitude 

 26 30 east, the site of the ancient Ophir and 

 the ruins of the Queen of Sheba's palace, 

 and of a temple built by her in imitation of 

 that of Solomon. He urges strong reasons for 

 his opinion. Morocco was very carefully ex- 

 plored by French geographers in 1871 and 

 1872, its climate, productions, coast-lines, and 

 mountains described, and its people and rulers 

 portrayed. The course of the cholera, which 

 in 1868 followed in the wake of the grand 

 progress of the Sultan through his empire, has 

 been mapped out, and its ravages described. 

 The same zealous geographers have explored 

 very thoroughly the island of .Madagascar, 

 Alfred de Graadidier, who has spent several 

 years in the study of the geography and eth- 

 nology of the island, states the population at a 

 little more than 4,000,000. Of these, about 

 1,000,000 are Hovas, the dominant race, sup- 

 posed to be of Malay origin. The Betsileos, 

 their allies^ numbering about 600,000, are of 

 mixed race. The Malagasies, who occupy the 

 eastern part of the island, are composed of six 

 or seven tribes, apparently of Kaffre origin, 

 and number about 2,000,000. There are, be- 

 sides, three or four smaller tribes, numbering 

 in all about 500,000, and possibly of similar 

 origin. Three-fourths of the whole are nomi- 

 nally Christian, the Queen and the ruling race 

 being avowedly so. The island is fertile, and 

 the northeastern half is remarkable for the 

 beauty of its scenery. 



