408 



ITALY. 



at a cost of $1,556,000 in wages, and produce 100,000 

 tons of rails, 90,000 tons of pig, and 10,000 tons of 

 bar and plate iron." 



The following figures of the production of iron-ore 

 and pig-iron, from the Lake Superior district, speak 

 for themselves : " In 1856, 7,000 tons of ore, no make 

 of iron; value of the ore, $28,000. In 1860, 116,908 

 tons ore, 5,600 tons pig-iron ; value of both, $736,496. 

 In 1870, 856,471 tons of ore, 49.298 tons pig-iron ; 

 value of the ore and iron, $6,300,170. Or, since 1866, 

 the value of the total output of ore and iron is, $29,- 

 069,883. In 1870, the product was from sixteen mines, 

 and finds a market in all parts of the country. The 

 largest portion of the ore is sent to Cleveland, Ohio, 

 whence it is reshipped to the coal-fields of the Ma- 

 honing and Chenango Valleys by railroad. About 

 100 furnaces in Ohio and Pennsylvania use Lake 

 Superior ore, while nearly all the charcoal-furnaces 

 in the Northwest are supplied with it." 



From Cleveland, following the progress of the pig- 

 iron manufacture, we find no important cities depend- 

 ent on this branch of business for their growth until 

 \ve reach St. Louis. Neither Cincinnati nor Louisville 

 has as yet become prominent as a manufacturing 

 city, although it is likely both may do so before long, 

 when the railroads now building are completed. 



The gap from Cleveland, Ohio, and St. Louis, 

 Missouri, is almost destitute of iron-works, except 

 those built and building on the newly-discovered 

 block-coal of Indiana, and mainly within that State. 



At Terre Haute, one blast-furnace and a rail-mill 

 are in successful operation. These all have taken 

 their rise since I860, many as late as 1867. 



This coal-field is destined to supply St. Louis from 

 the foundation of works within itself. At St. Louis, 

 blast-furnaces have been erected on the most exten- 

 sive scale, and more are building ; one of the finest 

 rolling-mills in America has been erected there, and, 

 from the splendid situation of the city, she is des- 

 tined to take a most important part in the iron-manu- 

 facture of the United States. 



Over fifteen furnaces are in blast there, and several 

 rolling-mills. Its proximity to the Indiana coal-field, 

 and to the celebrated Iron Mountain, of Missouri, 

 makes it a cheap as well as convenient point of manu- 

 facture. In 1868, 105,000 tons of ore were taken out 

 from Iron Mountain ; in 1869, 195,000 tons ; in 1870, 

 316,000 tons, and last year it was confidently expected 

 to reach, if not exceed, 500,000 tons. 



The manufacture of Bessemer steel has in like 

 manner followed the same path as that trodden by 

 the iron-manufacture in its westward career the 

 first works, on the Hudson, at Troy New York, then 

 at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the valley of the 

 Susquehanna, then at'Lewistown, Pennsylvania, in 

 the valley of the Juniata, at Cambria County, Johns- 

 town, Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 

 Cleveland, Ohio, Wyandotte, Michigan, Joliet, Illi- 

 nois, and at Chicago, and finally, at Milwaukee, 

 Wisconsin. 



The iron interest follows close upon the tide of 

 immigration. The charges for transportation for 

 such long distances encourage the building of fur- 

 naces and rolling-mills at the earliest practicable 

 moment. Their erection marks very accurately the 

 years in which wealth has been accumulated. 



The total mileage of the railroads of the United 

 States amounts to over 60,000 miles, and has in- 

 creased in the last decade at the rate of 10 per cent. 

 To supply this demand for rails, and to keep up the 

 renewals of these roads, and to furnish other demands 

 for iron, now keep "700 blast-furnaces, and 300 

 rolling-mills at work, which employ 140,000 men 

 directly in the business." In addition, we are in- 

 debted to foreign countries for 511,059 tons of rails, 

 to say nothing of the vast amount of imports of other 

 forms of iron and steel manufacture, amounting to 

 826,088 tons. 



ITALY, a kingdom in Southern Europe. 

 King, Victor Emmanuel, born March 14, 1820 ; 



succeeded his father as King of Sardinia, on 

 March 23, 1849; assumed the title of King of 

 Italy, on March 17, 1861. Heir-apparent to 

 the throne, Prince Humbert, born March 14, 

 1844; married April 22, 1868, to Princess 

 Marguerita of Savoy, daughter of the late 

 Duke of Genoa, brother of King Victor Em- 

 manuel; their son, Victor Emmanuel, Prince 

 of Naples, was born at Naples, November 11, 

 1869. The ministry, in October, 1871, was 

 composed as follows : I. Lanza, President and 

 Minister of the Interior; E. Visconti-Venosta, 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs ; I. de Falco, Min- 

 ister of Justice and of Public Worship ; Lieu- 

 tenant-General Eicotti Magnani, Minister of 

 War ; Q. Sella, Minister of Finances ; Rear- 

 Admiral A. Riboty, Minister of Marine ; I. De- 

 vincenzi, Minister of Public Works; E. Casta- 

 gnola, Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. 

 During the period from 1870 to 1872, the 

 expenditures and receipts of the kingdom were 

 as follows (value in lire ; 1 lire = 19 cents) : 



The rentes and interests on the public debt 

 are 403,738,462 lire. 



According to the report of the inspector of 

 military levies for the kingdom of Italy, Gen- 

 eral Federico Torre, the Italian Army num- 

 bered, on September 30, 1871, 536,039 men, 

 including officers and the men of the second 

 category of the classes of 1846, 1847, 1848, 

 and 1849, not yet incorporated. Under arms 

 there were 182,531, and on unlimited leave 

 353,508. Deducting the officers and the non- 

 incorporated categories, the non-commissioned 

 officers and men at the abov.e date were 333,555, 

 which may be considered the real strength fit 

 for immediate service. About 170,000 were 

 under arms, and the rest on leave. The whole 

 number comprised 17,787 non-commissioned 

 officers, 42,900 corporals, and 272,808 privates. 

 The infantry of the line numbered 198.830 ; 

 the lersaglieri, or specially-trained light in- 

 fantry, organized in battalions like the French 

 chasseurs-d-pied, 27,527; cavalry, 21,995; ar- 

 tillery, 41,029 ; engineers, 2,774 ; royal car- 

 bineers or gendarmes, 19,500 ; officers on ac- 

 tive service, 12,551 ; on half-pay, or in reserve, 

 1,519. In the conscription list for military 

 service of men born in 1849, 271,846 names 

 were inscribed. More than 25,000 of these 

 were cancelled for various reasons, and 69.000 

 were struck off on account of infirmity, de- 

 formity, or insufficient stature. When the 

 conscription was over, there were found to be 

 more than 10,000 refractory recruits, the 

 greater number belonging to the provinces of 

 Genoa, Naples, Catania, Palermo, Messina, 

 and Como. Finally, the effective force yielded 

 by that conscription was, in the first category, 

 36,691, and in the second 47,690 together, 

 84,387 men of 21 years of age, selected out of 



