506 



MAYO, EARL OF. 



MAZZINI, GIUSEPPE. 



burgh. His volumes of sermons, his treatises 

 on philosophy, and his lectures, have been 

 widelv circulated. "What is Revelation?" 



alypse, 



" Claims of the Bible and of Science," in 1862 ; 

 " Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven : Lectures 

 on St. Luke," in 1864 ; u Conflict of Good and 

 Evil in our Day," in 1865; and "The Com- 

 mandments as Instruments of National Re- 

 form," in 1866. He was elected Professor of 

 Moral Philosophy in the University of Cam- 

 bridge in October, 1866, and received the hon- 

 orary degree of M. A., March 28, 1867. Prof. 

 Maurice was admirably fitted to exert an in- 

 fluence over a certain order of minds. His 

 broad culture and enthusiasm attracted schol- 

 arly men ; while the dreamy mysticism invest- 

 ing both his thought and language had a sin- 

 gular charm for minds which would have been, 

 repelled by dogmatic teaching. He was re- 

 ligious and earnest in his way, honoring Chris- 

 tianity as a religion coming from God, and ready 

 at any time to sacrifice position for truth. 



MAYO, RICHARD SOUTHWELL BOURKE, sixth 

 Earl of, K. P., G. M., G. 0. S. I., Yiceroy and 

 Governor-General of India, born in Dublin, 

 February 21, 1822 ; was assassinated by a Mo- 

 hammedan (Wahabee) convict, at Port Blair, 

 Andaman Islands, February 8, 1872. He was 

 descended from an ancient Norman family, 

 the first elevation to the peerage being in 

 1776. Having graduated from Trinity Col- 

 lege, Dublin, he took an extensive tour in the 

 North of Europe, and published a narrative of 

 his observations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 

 1845. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland dur- 

 ing each of the Earl of Derby's administrations, 

 with whose political views he sympathized. 

 From 1847 to 1807 he sat in Parliament, first 

 for Kildare, then for Coleraine, and finally for 

 Cockermouth. He was made a member of the 

 Privy Council in 1852, being that year ap- 

 pointed Deputy-Lieutenant of County Kildare. 

 In 1867 he was elevated to the peerage on 

 the death of his father, as sixth earl, and took 

 his seat as a Conservative peer in the House 

 of Lords. In November, 1868, he was ap- 

 pointed by Disraeli (then premier) Viceroy 

 of India, and reached Calcutta in the follow- 

 ing February. His administration was an ad- 

 mirable one, his executive ability, energy, and 

 purity of character, rendering him a model 

 ruler. He undertook a tour of inspection of 

 every portion of the vast domain over which 

 he ruled, to correct abuses, and perfect the 

 administration of justice, and had reached 

 Port Blair, Andaman Islands, a convict colo- 

 ny, when he became a victim to the fanatical 

 assassin. 



MAZZINI, GIUSEPPE, an Italian reformer, 

 statesman, and revolutionist, born in Genoa, 

 June 28, 1808 (or, according to some authori- 

 ties, 1805) ; died in Pisa, March 10, 1872. His 

 father was a medical professor in the Univer- 



sity of Genoa, a man of wealth, and gave his 

 son a superior education, intending him for a 

 literary life. During his student-life, Italy was 

 passing through a period of severe trial and 

 depression. The overthrow of Napoleon I. 

 was the signal for the revival of all the reac- 

 tionary measures which, during his sway, had 

 been kept in abeyance. The conquerors made 

 haste to divide the spoils among themselves, 

 and Italy fell to the share of the Austrian, and 

 all its petty states were under Austrian influ- 

 ence and direction. In 1820 there was a re- 

 volt in the duchy of Genoa, which was 

 promptly put down by Austrian bayonets ; 

 and, in the years that followed, the slightest 

 symptoms of sympathy with liberal opinions 

 were crushed out with the iron hand of des- 

 potism. Mazzini, ardent, susceptible to the 

 sorrows or oppressions of others, remarkable 

 for the intensity of his affections, his human- 

 ity, his firmness, and his patriotism, was greatly 

 moved by the sad condition of his country, 

 and though his father, a man of conservative 

 habits, did not sympathize with his sentiments, 

 his patriotic enthusiasm gained such absolute 

 control over his spirit that it led him to re- 

 nounce his cherished idea of a life of literature 

 and contemplative study, for the action and 

 strife of the political arena. His first step in 

 politics was to contribute to a small advertis- 

 ing sheet, named the Indicatore, published in 

 Genoa. He persuaded the publisher to admit 

 advertisements of books, accompanied by a 

 few lines, to describe and define their subject. 

 The paper became gradually transformed into 

 a literary journal, in which liberal principles 

 were cautiously but effectively inculcated by 

 Mazzini and his associates. The Government, 

 however, suppressed his journal, as they did 

 the Sub Alpino, to which he had contributed 

 his first essay on "Dante's Love of his Coun- 

 try," and the Antologia of Florence, in which 

 some of his liberal essays had been published, 

 but not before Mazzini had acquired consider- 

 able literary fame, and given a powerful im- 

 pulse to the national cause. 



The Carbonari a revolutionary secret so- 

 ciety at this time was permeating Italy. 

 Mazzini did not fully approve of its rules and 

 ceremonies, but, feeling that he could not 

 then found an association himseif, he resolved 

 to join it. He was speedily invested with a 

 preponderating influence in the counsels and 

 missions of this society, and of course became 

 obnoxious to the governments, who determined 

 to entrap him. One Cottin, a Piedmontese 

 spy and police agent, was employed for this 

 purpose, and, professing to be fully imbued 

 with liberal doctrines, he induced Mazzini to 

 initiate him into the brotherhood of the Car- 

 bonari, and immediately betrayed him, and 

 caused his arrest and imprisonment for six 

 months in the fortress of Savona, from which 

 he was only liberated on condition of his de- 

 parture from Italy. It was while thus im- 

 prisoned that he conceived the plan of the 



