URUGUAY. 



VAILLANT, JEAN B. P. 789 



tion of Jahn's Biblical Archaeology " while he 

 was an assistant professor at Andover in 1823. 

 This has passed through numerous editions; 

 "Ratio Discipline; or, the Constitution of the 

 Congregational Churches," 1829 ; " A Manual 

 of Peace," 1836; "American College Life; 

 a Series of Descriptive Poems," 1850; "Let- 

 ters ./Esthetic, Social, and Moral, written from 

 Europe, Egypt, and Palestine," 1855; "Prize 

 Essay on a Congress of Nations," 1840. 

 Most of Prof. Upham's works have been re- 

 published abroad. He was greatly esteemed 

 for his genial and courteous manners, and his 

 genuine benevolence and kindness of heart. 

 URUGUAY, OB BANDA ORIENTAL (Rspu- 



BLICA DE LA BANDA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY), 



an independent state of South America, lying 

 between latitude 30 and 34 50' south, and 

 longitude 52 40' and 58 west. It is bounded 

 on the north by Brazil ; on the east and south 

 by the Atlantic Ocean ; and on the west by 

 the Argentine Republic, from which it is sepa- 

 rated by the river of its own name. It has an 

 area of about 66,720 square miles, and its pop- 

 ulation is estimated at 350,000, of whom, per- 

 haps, 102,000 are of foreign birth, as follows : 

 Spaniards, 37,900; Italians, 32,100; French, 

 17,700 ; and other nationalities, 15,400. There 

 are no longer any Indians in the republic. 



Immigration to Uruguay has been gradually 

 increasing since 1866, in which year the num- 

 ber arrived at Montevideo was 9,327 ; while 

 in 1870 there were 20,435. It should, how- 

 ever, be observed that the major portion of 

 those disembarking at Montevideo hastened 

 to leave that city, either for the interior, or 

 for the Argentine Republic- 

 President of the republic, Dr. Theo. Gomen- 

 soro (March 1, 1872) ; Minister of Foreign Af- 

 fairs, Dr. 0. Velasco ; Minister of the Interior, 

 Dr. C. Regunaga; Minister of War, Brigadier- 

 General G. Suarez. 



The standing army is composed of from 

 3,000 to 4,000 men; and the National Guard, 

 of 20,000 men. 



According to official returns, the value of 

 the imports for 1870 was $13,135,591,* and in 

 1871, $14,864,247 ; that of the exports for the 

 year first mentioned was $6,356,423 ; and for 

 1871, $13,334,224. To these figures should be 

 added, perhaps, one-third for smuggled goods. 

 The chief articles of export are hides, horns, 

 tallow, hair, salt or jerked beef, etc. 



The number of vessels entered at the port 

 of Montevideo in 1871 was 1,502, with an ag- 

 gregate of 739,607 tons. 



Of the public revenue, which is mainly de- 

 rived from customs duties, the larger portion 

 is applied upon the amortization of and pay- 

 ment of the interest on the national debt. 



The expenditures and receipts for 1870 and 

 1871 were as follows respectively : 



According to the last report of the Min- 

 ister of Finance, the deficit, up to June 30, 

 1872, was estimated at $5,570,711, on account 

 of the increased outlay caused by the civil war. 



The total customs receipts for 1870, through- 

 out the whole republic, were $4,538,854 ; and 

 for the year 1871, $5,312,318. 



According to the official table, published by 

 the Junta de Credito, January 1, 1871, the 

 public debt amounted to $19,976,550 ; which, 

 added to the new debts contracted in 1871, 

 makes a total of $28,945,927; so that, the 

 amortization of 1871 amounting to $818,685, 

 the debt on January 1, 1872, was $28,127,242. 



Uruguay has but two short lines of railway, 

 both opened in 1866 : that from Montevideo 

 to Pedras, about 11 miles; and that from Mon- 

 tevideo to Maldonado, 50 miles. 



The civil war, which had so long existed be- 

 tween the " Blancos " and the " Colorados,'' 

 was finally terminated by a treaty of peace, 

 bearing date April 6, 1872. 



YAILLANT, JEAN BAPTISTE PHILIBERT, 

 marshal of France, senator, and cabinet minis- 

 ter, born at Dijon, December 6, 1790 ; died in 

 Paris, June 4. 1872. At seventeen years of 

 age, he was admitted to the Polytechnic 

 School, and, having distinguished himself in 

 engineering studies, he was sent to the engi- 

 neering school at Metz. He graduated as 

 second-lieutenant, in October, 1809, and, en- 

 tering the army, soon distinguished himself 

 in the later campaigns of the empire. During 

 the Russian campaign, he attained the rank of 

 captain, and so remarkable was his conduct 

 for energy and self-possession that he was 

 named in one of the general orders of the 

 army, and, in August, 1813, received the 



V 



cross of the Legion of Honor. Soon after, be- 

 ing surrounded by the enemy, after a most un- 

 equal conflict, he was taken prisoner, and was 

 not exchanged until the peace. On his return 

 to the army, early in 1815, he again attracted 

 attention by his skilful works for the defence 

 of the capital, and his courageous conduct at 

 Ligny and Waterloo. After the restoration, 

 he devoted himself, as a staff-officer, to the 

 study and practice of the art of fortification. 

 He was promoted to a captaincy of the first 

 class in 1816, and, soon after, translated from 

 the English an "Essay on the Principles and 

 Construction of Military Bridges." He became 



* The Uruguay dollar is equivalent to $1.05. 



