806 



WISCONSIN. 



WOODEN RAILWAYS. 



and personal services, 58,070, including 37,898 

 males and 20,172 females; in trade and trans- 

 portation, 21,534, including 21,343 males and 

 192 females ; in manufactures and mechanical 

 and mining industries, 53,517, including 49,733 

 males and 3,784 females. 



The State contained 5,899,343 acres of im- 

 proved land, 3,437,442 of woodland, and 2,378,- 

 536 of other unimproved land. The cash value 

 of farms was $300,414,064, of farming imple- 

 ments and machinery, $14,239,364 ; total 

 amount of wages paid during the year, includ- 

 ing value of board, $8,186,110; total (esti- 

 mated) value of all farm productions, including 

 betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; 

 orchard-products, $819,268 ; produce of mar- 

 ket-gardens, $226,665; forest-products, $1,- 

 327,618; value of home manufactures, $338,- 

 423 ; of animals slaughtered or sold for slaugh- 

 ter, $11,914,643 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. 

 There were 252,019 horses, 4,195 mules and 

 asses, 308,377 milch-cows, 53,615 working- 

 oxen, 381,302 other cattle, 1,069,228 sheep, 

 and 512,778 swine. The chief productions 

 were 24,375,435 bushels of spring, and 1,230,909 

 of winter, wheat, 1,325,294 of rye, 15,033,998 

 of Indian-corn, 20,180,016 of oats, 1,645,019 

 of barley, 408,897 of buckwheat, 960,813 pounds 

 of tobacco, 4,090,670 of wool, 388,425 bushels 

 of peas and beans, 6,646,129 of Irish, and 2,220 

 of sweet, potatoes, 9,357 gallons of wine, 22,- 

 473,036 pounds of butter, 1,591,798 of cheese, 

 2,059,105 gallons of milk sold, 1,287,657 tons 

 of hay, 2,906 bushels of clover-seed, 13,016 of 

 grass-seed; 4,620,155 pounds of hops, 497,398 

 of flax, 112,019 bushels of flax-seed, 507,192 

 pounds of maple-sugar, 74,478 gallons of sor- 

 ghum, and 31,218 of maple, molasses, 299,341 

 pounds of honey, and 9,945 of wax. 



The total number of manufacturing estab- 

 lishments was 7,013, using 926 steam-engines, 

 of 30, 509 horse-power, and 1,288 water-wheels, 

 of 33,714 horse-power, and employing 43,910 

 hands, of whom 40,296 were males above six- 

 teen, 2,114 females above fifteen, and 1,500 

 youth. The total amount of capital invested 

 was $41,981,872 ; wages paid during the year, 

 $13,575^642 ; value of materials consumed, 

 $45,851,266; of products, $77,214,326. 



The whole number of newspapers and pe- 

 riodicals was 190, having an aggregate circu- 

 lation of 343,385, and issuing annually 28,762,- 

 920 copies. There were 14 daily, with a circu- 

 lation of 43,250 ; 2 tri-weekly, circulation 3,200 ; 

 3 semi- weekly, circulation 6,850; 160 weekly, 

 circulation 266,000 ; 2 semi-monthly, circula- 

 tion 1,900; 9 monthly, circulation 22,185. 



There were 2,883 libraries, having 905,811 

 volumes. Of these, 1,551, with 527,131 volumes, 

 were private, and 1,332, with 378,680 volumes, 

 were other than private, including 39 circu- 

 lating libraries, with 38,867 volumes. 



The total number of religious organizations 

 was 1,864, having 1,466 edifices, with 423,015 

 sittings, and property valued at $4,890,781. 

 The leading denominations were : 



1.126 

 S90 

 374 

 16 

 736 

 837 



418 

 215 



11)2 



The condition of pauperism and crime is 

 shown by the following statistics : 



Total population 1,054,670 



Number of persons receiving support during 



the year ending June 1, 1870 1,553 



Cost of annual support $151.181 



Total number receiving support, June 1, 1870.. 



Native 



White 



Colored 



Foreign 



Number of persons convicted during the year. 



Total number of persons in prison, June 1, 



1870 



Native 



White 



Colored 



Foreign 2C3 



WOODEN RAILWAYS. The substitution 

 of timber for iron permanent way, which con- 

 stitutes the great feature of the Canadian 

 wooden railways, is due to Mr. J. B. Hulbert, 

 an American engineer, who commenced works 

 of this class during the civil war with the Con- 

 federate States, by laying down temporary 

 lines, and renewing roads which had been 

 destroyed. The experience gained during the 

 war gave sufficient promise to warrant the trial 

 at least of similar permanent roads, and, after 

 a short line, 6 miles in length, had been built, 

 and worked for a considerable time, another 

 was commenced, 47^ miles long, between Car- 

 thage (New York) and Harrisville, and was 

 opened for traffic in 1868. In addition to this 

 a third line was laid down in Canada, in the 

 province of Quebec, and known as the Quebec 

 & Gosford Wooden Kailway. This line is 26 

 miles long, but its extension for 100 miles is 

 intended. Another, the Sorel, Drummond & 

 Athabasca Counties Railway, 60 miles long, 

 is finished, and several short branches are 

 about to be made, while the Levis & Kenne- 

 bec, Wooden Railway, in the province of Que- 

 bec, is in progress. This line will also be 60 

 miles in length, with 40 miles of extension to 

 be made at a future time. 



The traffic upon all of these lines is of course 

 very light, and would not have warranted the 

 construction of the cheapest possible form of 

 railway in which iron permanent way was 

 employed ; nevertheless, three through-trains 

 a day are on an average run over the railways 

 already opened, and carry passengers and 

 freight at least equal to what are conveyed over 

 many lines upon which a large construction 

 capital has been expended. Moreover, a fair 

 speed, varying from 18 to 20 miles an hour for 

 passenger-trains, and from 12 to 16 miles for 

 freight-trains, can always be secured, and the 

 amount of adhesion obtained, with the 30-ton 

 engines now running, is sufficient to take any 







