ACHEEN. 



ADALBERT, PRINCE. 



send an expedition, consisting of four men-of- 

 war, against Acheen, in order to demand guar- 

 antees of a proper conduct, or to declare war. 



The Achinese view of the difficulty is set 

 forth in an Arabic newspaper published in 

 Constantinople the Yucaib. In 1516 the 

 Mohammedan ruler of Aclieen asked to be 

 recognized as a vassal of the Ottoman Porte, 

 and the petition was granted. In 1836 the 

 ruler of Aclieeu. Ala-ed-din-Mansulab, again 

 applied to the Porto and took the oath of a 

 il, and in reply received from the Turkish 

 Sultan, Abdul Medjid, an order set in dia- 

 monds, with an acknowledgment that he 

 was reL'anl"'! as a va--ai of the Porte. Since 

 tliat time Acheen lias been under the pro- 

 tection of the Sublime Porte, and all Achi- 

 nese vessels sail under the Turkish flag. In 

 1742, when Sultan Mustaplri ruled in Tur- 

 key, a treaty of peace and friendship was 

 concluded at Constantinople between Holland 

 and Acheen, one article of which provided 

 that the Datch be admitted to commen ial 

 transactions in Acheen. With England a 

 treaty was concluded, which remained in force 

 until 1871. The Dutch in 1766 violated the 

 treaty of 1742, as they took possession of sev- 

 eral portions of Sumatra. In 1825 they at- 

 tacked several districts belonging to Acheen, 

 and, when the latter complained of these acts, 

 they merely denied that they passed beyond 

 their boundaries. In 1871 Holland demand- 

 ed the cession of several islands belonging to 

 Acheen, and permission to erect light-houses 

 at several points upon Achinese territory. 

 On the part of Acheen it was replied that no 

 cone ild be made without the con- 



sent of the Ottoman Porte; as to the light- 

 -. the Sultan of Aclieen would erect 

 them at his own expense. The Dutch ob- 

 jected to this, uttered threats, and then pre- 

 pared for an attack, evidently for the purpose 

 of conquering Acheen. Under these circum- 

 stances the Sultan of Acheen sent his prime- 

 minister, Abdul-Rahman Fahir Effendi to Con- 

 stantinople, and, not until after he had set out 

 on his voyage, did the Dutch begin the war. 



After the declaration of war by the Nether- 

 lands, tin! government of Acheen once more 

 endeavored to obtain another delay. New 

 negotiations were opened, but soon broken off, 

 in Acheen refused to give definite promises. 

 The four men-of-war which had accompanied 

 the Dutch commissary were then ordered to 

 open ho4ilitics. The troops, numbering about 

 4,000 men, arrived on April 5th, and were land- 

 ed on April 8th and 9th. The resistance was 

 much greater than the Dutch had expected, 

 and the information which they had received 

 of the military movements and preparations 

 of the Achinese proved to be incorrect. A 

 few redoubts were taken, but their losses were 

 severe; the commander-in-chief, Major-Gen- 

 eral Kohler, was among the killed ; a general 

 discouragement spread among the troops, and, 

 as the rainy season was near at hand, it was 



believed impossible to obtain any lasting re- 

 sult before autumn. The warlike operations 

 were therefore suspended, the troops from 

 Acheen withdrawn on April 28th, and during 

 the summer preparations were made for a 

 second expedition on a larger scale, to be sent 

 out toward the close of the year. The Dutch 

 Chambers unanimously voted an extraordinary 

 credit for the new expedition, and the Govern- 

 ment appointed General Van Swieten as com- 

 mander-in-chief. The number of the Achinese 

 troops was estimated by the Dutch as high as 

 80,000 men. In November, a body of 9,000 

 Dutch troops effected a landing on the coast 

 of Acheen, without meeting with any resist- 

 ance. The Dutch Government had announced 

 its intention to establish, if successful, a pro- 

 tectorate over Acheen. The best work pub- 

 lished on Acheen is by the Dutch geographer, 

 Prof. P. J. Veth, "Atchin en zyne betrekkingen 

 tot Nederland " (Leiden, 1873). It contains a 

 map, drawn by Col. W. F. Versteeg, which 

 shows that the Dutch are well informed on the 

 coast, but very little on the interior. (See also 

 NETHERLANDS.) 



ADALBERT, Prince HEINBICH WILHELM, of 

 Prussia, Admiral anil Inspector-General of the 

 German Marine, grandson of Friedrich Wil- 

 helm II. and cousin of the present Emperor of 

 Germany, born at Berlin, October 29, 1811; 

 died at Carlsbad in Bohemia, June 6, 1873. 

 His father was the Prince Friedrich Wilhelm 

 Karl, who died in 1851, and his mother the 

 Princess Amelia Maria Anna of Hesse-Hom- 

 burg. He entered the Prussian army at an 

 early age, and was attached to the artillery 

 corps. But, beyond most of the Hohenzollern 

 family, he possessed a strong taste for travel, 

 and desired to see foreign countries. In 1826 

 he visited Holland ; in 1832, England and Scot- 

 land ; in 1834, St. Petersburg and Moscow ; in 

 1837, Central Russia, Turkey, Greece, and the 

 Ionian Islands. In 1842 the King of Sardinia 

 placed a frigate at his service, which enabled 

 him to visit Genoa, Gibraltar, Tangiers, Ma- 

 deira, and Teneriffe. He also crossed the ocean 

 and explored the coasts of Brazil. On return- 

 ing from this voyage he published an account 

 of his journey under the title: "Ausmeinera 

 Reisetagebuche " in 1842-'43. In 1848 Prince 

 Adalbert was charged with the organization 

 of the German national marine, and received 

 the title of admiral. His labors in this capa- 

 city led him to publish the volume, "Denk- 

 sohrift fiber die Bildung einer deutschen 

 Flotte." In 1856 he undertook anew voyage 

 in the Mediterranean and along the coast of 

 Morocco. On this occasion he was attacked 

 by pirates, and in the combat which ensued he 

 received a slight wound. When the German 

 navy over which he commanded ceased to ex- 

 ist, he was made commander of the marine of 

 Prussia. He inspected the gun-boats which 

 Prussia constructed in 1861, and, when the war 

 with Denmark was begun, he received the 

 title of admiral. The late war with France 



