88 BRUNSWICK, EX-DUKE OF. 



When ho had retched hU nineteenth year, 

 however, he waa obliged to content to hit ac- 

 MMlaB to the dacal throne. At tint he took 

 no interest in public affair*, but gave himself 

 up to dissipation, and traveled in I tidy and other 

 European state*. After a time he returned, and 

 toon alienated hia most faithful subject* by 

 hU negligence, hi* cruelty, and the heavy taxes 

 he bnpoaed on the duchy. In 1829 his ad- 

 ministration had become to intolerable that 

 the Germanic Diet took up the case, and tlio 

 duke, without waiting their decision, went to 

 France, whence he escaped, at the time of 

 the revolution in July, 1S30, to Belgium. In 

 September of that year be was driven from 

 Brnasels by the appearance of the Revolution 

 there, and reentered bis own duchy; but his 

 presence there soon roused a state of feeling 

 which could only be appeased by bis depot-it iu 

 from power, and, by the Council of the (ier- 

 manic l>ict, his younger brother William was 

 made bia successor. The Duke Charles ap- 

 pealed in vain to the British Government to 

 restore him to hia position, but, finding that 

 this was hopeless, he spent the remainder of 

 his life abroad, mostly in London, Paris, and 

 Geneva. He had managed to retain most of 

 the treasure* of the duchy which were mov- 

 able, and was one of the richest men in En- 

 rope. He fell into the mania of buying dia- 

 monds, and made one of the largest and most 

 costly collections in Europe. He inhabited a 

 pretty, rose-colored palace in the Avenue 

 Fricdland, boose and garden jealously guarded 

 from the street by high walls crowded with 

 statues, and the entire establishment was con- 

 structed with reference to the safety of the 

 iluke't Jewels. Not a door or window could 

 be opened without a clamorous ringing of 

 bells, and the caskets where the diamonds lay 

 eoold only be reached over his dead body. 

 This waa the theory, but the practice was 

 otherwise. He was regularly robbed every 

 year or two, though bia most valuable treas- 

 ure* always eacaped. The very tradesmen 

 who supplied and cheated him did not desire 

 hia cuotom. He never paid a bill without a 

 qnarrrl. He waa a symmetrical cliarai ;. r. 

 He waa aa contemptible in small things as 

 in great one*. Ho plundered and oppressed 

 hia people while he could, and afterward bul- 

 lied his servant*, and tried to cheat In- l.utoh- 

 ' n 1 8*8, a* on many previous occasion*, he 

 iasved one of hia periodical protest* again t 

 what he styled his brother's usurpation of his 

 rightful authority ; but then, as always before, 



CALIFORNIA. 



no attention was paid to it He left his im- 

 mense collection of jewels and antiques to the 

 city of (ieneva, but the reigning Duke of 

 Brunswick pave notice of his intuition to con- 

 teat this disposition of them on the ground 

 that they wero purchased with tho tn.. 

 of the duchy. 



IH'TLER, THOMAS BKLDKI, M. D., LL. D., 

 late Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Con- 

 necticut, born at Wetherstield, Conn., August 

 22, 1806 ; died at Norwalk, Conn., June 8, : 

 His early education, which was a very thor- 

 ough classical one. wusobtained in Wetlu-rdield 

 and Hartford, and he entered the Yale Medical 

 School in 1826, and took his degree of M. I). 

 in 1828, spending a year subsequently in 

 Philadelphia in further study of his protVs 

 He practised medicine for eight years in Nor- 

 walk, when, finding that its anxieties nil' 

 his health, he decided to abandon it, and com- 

 menced the study of law with Hon. Clark 

 Bissell. He was admitted to the bar in Nor- 

 walk in 1837, and almost immediately entered 

 into partnership with Hon. Thaddeus Kelts, 

 and. after his death, succi s-iv ly with M. G. 

 A. Davenport. Hon. O. S. Ferry (now United 

 States Senator), and J. M. Carter. Mr. Butler 

 was a member of the Connecticut House of 

 Representatives in 1832, 1883, 1837, 1848, and 

 1846, and of the State Senate in 1848, 1862, 

 and 1858. In 1849 he was elected to Congress, 

 and served one term. In May, 1855, he wns 

 elected a Judge of the Superior Court, in 1861 

 was appointed to the Supreme Court, and was 

 made Chief-Justice in 1870. He resigned, on 

 account of ill-health, May 20, 1878, and died 

 nineteen days after. Chief-Justice Butler 

 maintained the very high reputation for legal 

 ability and profound learning which has char- 

 acterized the Supreme Court of Connecticut 

 for so many years. He was a careful student 

 of the law, and his keen insight of difficult 

 points, nud his perception of the great prin- 

 riples of equity which underlie all law,8ecimd 

 intuitive. His active mind also led him to 

 take an uncommon interest in other depart- 

 ment* of science and human industry. He 

 was an excellent and skillful farmer, thorough- 

 ly versed in all the principles of mechanics, 

 and was particularly interested in meteorolo- 

 gy. He published a volume on this sulicct 

 in 1866, entitled " The Philosophy of the 

 Weather," and in 1870 a much enlarged and 

 perfected edition of the same, under the title 

 of " The Atmospheric System developed ; a 

 Weather-Book for Practical Men." 



CAI.IF >l:VI.\. This Empire State of the 

 FswiodsTtJops with each succeeding year 

 w rtaonroM and new causes for surprise at 

 the vastoe** and variety of it* productions. 

 Its am i* 1SO,47,840 acres; iu population. 



which in 1870 was 660,285, is now estimated 

 on apparently good grounds to exceed 650,000. 

 Of the entire area of the State, 20.466,806, or 

 a little more than one-sixth, is held in private 

 ownership outside of towns and cities; and of 



