COSTE, JEAN J. M. C. V. 



CZERMAK, JOSEPH. 



249 



of in this country is to be attributed to the 

 suspension of credits in a private banking- 

 house, but it has been dispelled by the protec- 

 tive influence of the Government. 



The construction of the railway to the At- 

 lantic is in active prosecution, and will certain- 

 ly be completed. 



A commission, sent to explore the regions 

 of Talamanca, in April, discovered some curious 

 ancient ruins, especially those of three Spanish 

 cities which existed a century ago among the 

 mountains. They also met with the ruins of a 

 fort, with the cannon, etc., all rusty and in 

 great decay. The zoological collections were 

 successful, especially in that of birds. 



In December President Gnardia handed over 

 the reins of government to the first Desig- 

 nado, Sefior Salvador Gonzales, alleging that 

 the hostile attitude of Nicaragua was leveled 

 at himself and not at Costa Rica. A short 

 time afterward, however, he resumed the presi- 

 dential functions. 



SeOor Salvador Gonzales, while in exercise 

 of the executive power, issued a decree order- 

 ing political refugees at that time in Costa 

 Rica to adopt a moderate and pacific conduct, 

 not only with respect to the Government that 

 protects them, but toward all foreign govern- 

 ments. Whoever acted contrary to that order, 

 and left the republic on an expedition hostile 

 to any other country or government, should, 

 on his return to Costa Rica, be tried and 

 punished according to the penal code. 



COSTE, JEAN JACQUES MARIE CTPBIEN 

 VICTOR, a French scientist and member of the 

 Institute of France, born at Castries (He>ault), 

 May 10, 1807; died in Paris, September 23, 

 1873. We are not aware where his early stud- 

 ies were prosecuted, but at the age of twenty- 

 ty-two or twenty-three he came to Paris, and 

 devoted himself to the study of the natural sci- 

 encts, and particularly to embryogeny, which 

 was at that time becoming an important topic 

 with the Swiss and German naturalists. In 

 1834 he published a quarto volume, copiously 

 illustrated, entitled "Researches on the Gen- 

 eration of the Mammit'erse, and the Formation 

 of Embryos," a work which brought him to 

 the notice of the Academy of Sciences, who 

 presented him with their gold medal for the 

 work, in which he had been assisted by M. 

 Delpech. Soon after he was called to give 

 lectures on Embryogeny at the Museum of 

 Natural History, and somewhat later the chair 

 of Embryogeny was created for him at the 

 College of France. He continued to hold the 

 professorship through all the changing ad- 

 ministrations. In 1851 he was elected a mem- 

 ber of the French Institute, as the successor 

 of De Blainville. His published works on em- 

 bryology have been : " Course of Comparative 

 Embryogeny " (one vol., 8vo, with a quarto at- 

 las of plates), 1837 ; " Ovology of the Kanga- 

 roo," 1838 ; " General and Particular History of 

 the Development of Organized Bodies " (2 

 vols., 4to, and atlas, folio), 1847. Since 1851, M. 



Coste had devoted himself almost exclusively 

 to pisciculture or the multiplying of fish in 

 rivers, lakes, streams, etc., by processes of arti- 

 ficial fecundation. This subject had previ- 

 ously received little attention in France, though 

 MM. Gehin and Remy had, in 1842, established 

 a series of ponds in the Vosges, for the multi- 

 plication of trout. On the application of MM. 

 Coste and Milne - Edwards, the Government 

 granted them the necessary advances, and 

 they established at Huningue, in 1851, a model 

 series of fish-ponds, from which, two years 

 later, 600.000 salmon and trout were supplied 

 to the Rhone. M. Coste next proceeded to 

 the development of new and foreign genera 

 and species of fish, in pools at the College of 

 France, and in 1855 stocked the lake and the 

 river in the Bois do Boulogne. lie wrote 

 much on this subject, bis principal works 

 being: "Practical Instructions on Piscicult- 

 ure," 1853-1856; "A Voyage of Explora- 

 tion on the Coasts of France and of Italy," 

 undertaken in the interests of pisciculture, 

 1855; and numerous reports, memoirs, and 

 papers on the subject, in the Comptes Rendug 

 of the Academy. He was appointed in 1862 

 Inspector-General of Maritime and River Fish- 

 eries ; and in 1866 was called to a seat in the 

 Grand Council of Special Secondary Instruction. 



CROSBY, DISI, M.D., LL.D., an eminent 

 surgeon and medical and surgical professor in 

 Dartmouth College, born in Hanover, N. H., 

 in 1800 ; died there, September 26, 1873. 

 Dr. Crosby received a good and thorough 

 classical education, but was not, we believe, a 

 graduate of any college. He studied medicine 

 in the Medical School of Dartmouth College, 

 and received his medical degree in 1824. Four- 

 teen years later, years which had been passed 

 in active practice in Hanover and its vicinity, 

 and had given him a high reputation as a sur- 

 geon, he was called to the chair of Anatomy 

 and Surgical Anatomy in the Medical Depart- 

 ment of Dartmouth. In 1841 he was promoted 

 to the surgical professorship just vacant by the 

 removal of Prof. Mnssey to the West, and 

 there was added to this important chair an- 

 other quite as important, that of Obstetrics and 

 Diseases of Women and Children. Dr. Crosby 

 was equal to these responsibilities, and for 

 twenty-seven years ho delivered both courses 

 of lectures, with an ability, a thoroughness of 

 knowledge, and a clearness of statement, which 

 left nothing to be desired. In 1868 the burden 

 of years rendered it desirable that he should 

 lay aside a part of the duties he had so long 

 borne, and he turned over the surgical lectures 

 to his able associate, though the college did 

 not appoint a full surgical professor till 1871. 

 In 1870 he found himself unable to perform 

 even the divided duty to his own satisfaction, 

 and he was appointed Professor of Surgery 

 Emeritu, and lectured when he pleased. 

 Dartmouth College honored itself in confer- 

 ring on him the degree of LL. D. in 1867. 



CZERMAK, JOSEPH, Ph. D., a German 



