IN 



FRANCE. 



tin. -nt. In lii* paleontolo^ii'iil investigations he 

 was one of the most illustrious and successful 

 of modern scientists. He was a frequent con- 

 tributor for many years to the American Sat- 

 iinilut, Xilliman't Journal, and other period- 

 icals, and had published two very valuable 

 works, the first in 1869, upon "The Mississippi 

 Valley," and the second in the summer of 

 1878, 'under the title of "Prehistoric Races of 

 America." Mr. Foster was at one time Presi- 

 dent of the American Association for the Ad- 

 vancement of Science, and filled for some years 

 the chair of Professor of Natural History in 

 the University of Chicago. From that uni- 

 versity, we believe, he received the degree of 

 LL. 1). in 1867. Personally he was a man of 

 the purest character, of genial manner, and of 

 fine social qualities. His death has removed a 

 ripe scholar and a conscientious investigator 

 from a field of great usefulness, and he leaves 

 behind him no one who is his equal in thor- 

 ough, intimate, and useful knowledge of the 

 varied natural resources of the Northwest. 



FRANCE,, a republic of Europe. President, 

 Marshal Marie Edtnond Patrice Maurice de 

 MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, elected May 24, 

 1873. Chief of the cabinet, Colonel Robert ; 

 Secretary of the President, Viscount d'Hnr- 

 conrt ; Vice-President of the Council of Min- 

 isters at the close of the year 1873, was the 

 Duke de Broglie. 



The National Assembly consists of 788 mem- 

 bers. President, Louis Joseph Buffet; Vice- 

 Presidents, De Goulard, Benoistd'Azy, Martel ; 

 Secretaries, Desjardins, L. Grivat, F. Voisin, 



E. do Cazenove de Pradine, Blin de Bourdon, 

 1 r. liive ; Questors, Bazc, General Martin des 

 Pallieres, Princetean. 



France was divided, in 1872, into 87 depart- 

 ments, and subdivided again into 862 arron- 

 dissements, 2,865 cantons, and 36,989 com- 

 munes. 



The area of France, according to the latest 

 calculations, was 204,090 square miles. The 

 population, according to the census of 1872, 

 was 3li,102,l21. The table on page 297 ex- 

 hibits the area and population of each depart- 

 ment, and the number of arrondissements, can- 

 tons, and communes, into which each depart- 

 ment is divided. 



A comparison of the population in 1872 

 with that of the present French territory in 

 1866 shows a decrease of 356,715, or of 1.2 

 per cent, of the total population. This de- 

 crease is exclusive of the loss which France 

 sustained by the cession of Alsace and Lor- 

 raine to Germany. The movement of popula- 

 tion from 1866 to 1870 was as follows : 



ien.. 



.. 



im.. 



1S7U.. 



1.005.SS6 

 1,007,811! 



IM.IIII 



848.SJ6 



iui.nr, 



864.8W 



Birth. (B.), or 

 ID.). 



I', 1SI.IX1 



B. 1S0.6M 



B. 6*. 10* 



B. 84,9(16 

 I). 



lo- 

 ll.) or 

 (D.) 



I n:n 



I. (',!! 

 1 ti.lfi 

 1. nil 



. ox 



The area and population of Algeria, ac- 

 cording to the census of 1872, were as fol- 

 lows : 



The European population of Algeria was 

 composed, with regard to nationality, as fol- 

 lows: 



The results of the census of 1872, relating 

 to the religious dcnoriurmtioim O f the inhab- 

 itanU, had not been published at the close 

 of the year 1878. The follou ute is 



bated upon the statements of the census of 

 1MB : Catholics, about 85,600,000 ; Protes- 

 tnnta, 600.000; Israelites, 45,000; other re- 

 ligionn, fi.ooo. 



The following table exhibits the population 

 of all the French cities which, according to 



the census of 1872, have a population of more 

 than 30,000 inhabitants : 



Paili ............. 1,851.791 Orleans. ........... :-<fi7ii 



LTOM ............ 888,417 Le Mani ............ 46.981 



Manellle* ........ 81S.NJI Tour* ............... 43.9R8 



Bordeaux ......... 1M.OS5 TonirolnR ........... 4S J 



Lille .............. 158,117 (irvnoMc ............ 43,f,flO 



Toalonw ......... 184.853 nijon ................ 4S 578 



Nntc .......... llfv.M7 ('Hvn ................ 4I.*10 



St.-F.ticnne ....... IKI.H14 Ikmlogne ........... 39.700 



Rouen ............ 103.470 Avignon ............. SS.19S 



Lellavre ......... 86.RJ5 Troye .............. 8S.11S 



7.V.IS7 Clormont ............ S7.8ST 



71,904 ciiiThourjr ......... :ri.wi) 



89.1V7 Si.-<^i,rniln .......... 



8.S7S Lorlent .............. 84.WO 



(W.747 Dunkirk ............ S4,380 



6.M Btolere .............. S1.46B 



fil.WW Bonr>r ............ 



8R.404jPoltIcn ............. 80,086 



M.7S7 I > 

 .......... 6R.1W ALOIRIA. 



Nuncjr ............ 6.78 Alclere ............ 4R.W1R 



Nice ................ W.877 Oran .............. 4nr,7i 



Rin* .............. 84,044 Cunttantlne ....... 83,il 



49,401 1 



......... 



Ronbaln .......... 



............ 



Toulon ........... 



Bre*t ............. 



Amlcn. ........... 



Venalllc 



........... 



Monlprlllcr ...... 



The budget for 1878, voted by the National 

 Assembly, comprised the following sources of 

 revenue and branches of expenditures. 



