FRANCE. 



305 



wit!) his brother, the Duke de Chartres, in the 

 Federal army. Since then, he has lived mostly 

 in England and written a work on " Trade 

 Unions." Like most of the princes of his 

 house, he has anxiously courted popularity by 

 a liberal appearance, while on the other hand 

 he has been equally eager in desiring the 

 reconciliation with the Count de Chambord. 

 He is married to Maria Isabella, the eldest 

 daughter of his uncle, the Duke de Mont- 

 pensier, and in 1873 had three children, two 

 daughters and one son, Louis Philippe, born 

 February 6, 1869. The only brother of the 

 Count de Paris, Robert, Duke de Chartres, is 

 married to a daughter of the Prince de Join- 

 ville, and has four children, two daughters and 

 two sons, Robert, born 1866, and Henry, born 

 1807. Of the four uncles of the Count de 

 Paris, the oldest, Louis, Duke de Nemours, 

 born 1814, has of late taken but little part in 

 political life. The second uncle, Francis, 

 Prince de Joinville, born 1818, is a member 

 of the National Assembly, and has again been 

 recognized by the government of the republic 

 as a vice-admiral of the French Navy. The 

 third, Henry, Duke d'Aumale (born 1822), has 

 been, since the overthrow of the empire, the 

 most active among the princes of the house 

 of Orleans in promoting the interests of the 

 family. He became a member of the National 

 Assembly for the department of Oise, joined 

 the Right Centre, and by an impressive 

 speech, made in May, 1871, in vindication of 

 the tricolored flag, for a time arrested the 

 fusion movement between the Orleanists and 

 Legitimists. In December, 1871, he was 

 elected a member of the French Academy, and 

 in 1872 he was appointed president of the 

 court-martial by which Bazaine was tried. 

 His name has repeatedly been mentioned in 

 connection with the temporary presidency of 

 the republic, whenever the Right and the 

 Right Centre thought of displacing Thiers. 

 The fourth uncle, Antony, Duke de Mont- 

 pensier, who is married to the only sister of 

 ex-Queen Isabella of Spain, born 1824, has, 

 since the Revolution of 1868 drove him from 

 Spain, not taken part in political life. The 

 prospects of the second monarchical party, the 

 Bonapartists, seemed to receive a fatal blow 

 by the death of the ex-Emperor Napoleon III., 

 which occurred at Chiselhurst, on January 9, 

 1873. The princes of the houses Bonaparte 

 and Murat, and a number of prominent states- 

 men and generals, as Rouher, the Duke de 

 Palikao, Marshal Canrobert,and General Fleury, 

 assembled at the funeral, and the prince im- 

 perial was announced as Napoleon IV. to the 

 party ; but the funeral, though very numer- 

 ously attended, did not give a favorable im- 

 pression of the political strength of the Bona- 

 partist party. In the course of the year the 

 prospects of the party appeared, however, to 

 improve. The superior talent of the parlia- 

 mentary leader of the party, Rouher, was 

 generally recognized and widely felt. When 



VOL. XIII. 20 A 



Marshal MacMahon was elected President of 

 the Republic, an ardent Bonapartist, Magne, 

 was appointed Minister of Finance, and he re- 

 tained this influential position when the min- 

 istry was reconstructed in November. Among 

 the new prefects who were appointed by Mar- 

 shal McMahon in place of the removed repub- 

 licans, the Bonapartists were believed to have 

 secured the lion's share, as most of the new 

 prefects were believed to sympathize, at least 

 secretly, with the schemes of the Bonapartists. 

 The young Prince Napoleon (Napoleon IV.) 

 declared in a speech which he made on the 

 Napoleon-day, August loth, that in the pater- 

 nal inheritance he found the principle of 

 popular sovereignty, and that he would always 

 remain faithful to the principle : " Every 

 thing for the people and through the people." 

 The more anxious the Legitimists appeared to 

 curtail universal suffrage, the more confident 

 the Bonapartists became in their urgent de- 

 mands for a new plebiscite. The " Red 

 Prince," faithful to his liberal professions 

 under the empire, advocated a fusion of Bona- 

 partists and republicans in defense of uni- 

 versal suffrage, which, however, found but 

 little favor with the outright republicans. 



The head of the republic, Marshal Mac- 

 Mahon, observed the most absolute silence 

 with regard to the rival schemes of the two 

 great monarchical parties. He claimed to have 

 no other aspiration than to be the defender of 

 society and of the conservative interests against 

 the subversive theories of the Radicals. When 

 he returned from his captivity in Germany to 

 Paris, on March 18, 1871, the government of 

 Thiers placed him at the head of the army 

 against the insurgents. He justified the con- 

 fidence placed in him so fully, that Thiers, in 

 in a report made to the General Assembly on 

 April 27th, called him the chevalier without 

 fear and reproach of our times. At the sup- 

 plementary elections, held on July 2, 1871, 

 several departments requested MacMahon to 

 be a candidate, and a large portion of the As- 

 sembly at that time desired to lean on him 

 against Thiers, and even, if it should appear 

 necessary, to substitute him for Thiers. But 

 MacMahon emphatically declared that he was 

 not now and did not wish to become a politi- 

 cian, and that he intended to keep entirely 

 aloof from political struggles, both in defense 

 of the republican form of government and 

 against it. When a committee of the Assem- 

 bly investigated the causes of the revolution 

 of September 4th, he assumed the entire re- 

 sponsibility for the misfortunes which followed 

 the march of his army from Chalons to SCdan. 

 A subscription started by the Figaro to offer 

 him a sword of honor after the battle of Reich- 

 hofen, produced more than 40,000 francs, but 

 MacMahon refused the sword, and presented 

 the sum collected to a charitable institution. 

 In January, 1872, the conservative party in 

 Paris again urged him to become a candidate 

 for the National Assembly, but he again de- 



