HOWE, JOSEPH. 



HUNGARY. 



359 



HOWE, Hon. JOSEPH, a colonial statesman 

 and publicist, born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 

 1804; died at Halifax, June 1, 1873. He was 

 apprenticed to a printer at an early age, and 

 in 1828 became sole editor and proprietor of 

 the Nota Seotian, a journal which he made 

 very successful. Mr. Howe advocated the 

 right of the cities of the British colonies to mu- 

 nicipal privileges, and, though tried for a libel 

 on the local government (when he was acquit- 

 ted) and compelled to fight a duel with the 

 younger Halibnrton, he became in 1840 a 

 member of the Provincial Government, and, 

 after a wearisome correspondence with the 

 home authorities, succeeded in exposing the 

 abuses of the old system, and in obtaining a 

 municipal charter for Halifax. Mr. Howe had 

 officiated several times as colonial agent in 

 Great Britain, and only resigned his office of 

 provincial secretary to superintend the con- 

 struction of the railway from Halifax to Que- 

 bec. He was considered one of the originators 

 of the idea of responsible government in the 

 British colonies. Haliburton's "History of 

 Nova Scotia" was published by him in 1828. 

 He had identified himself with the question of 

 responsible government in the British colonies, 

 and in 1858 published on this subject " Speech- 

 es and Public Letters," in which were included 

 several addresses to Lord John Russell. In 

 1870 he was appointed Secretary of State 

 for the provinces, in the Government of the 

 Dominion of Canada, and resided at Ottawa 

 until near the close of 1872, when, in conse- 

 quence of the accession of Earl Dufferin to the 

 governor-generalship, a new Dominion cabi- 

 net was formed, and Mr. Howe succeeded 

 Lientenant-General Sir 0. H. Doyle as Lien- 

 tenant-Governor and chief executive officer of 

 Nova Scotia. 



HUNGARY, a kingdom of Europe, and one 

 of the two main divisions of the Anstro-Hun- 

 garian monarchy. (All the affairs which are 

 common to the entire monarchy have been 

 treated of under the head of AUSTBIA.) As 

 the Military Frontier, which had formerly its 

 own administration, has been wholly incorpo- 

 rated partly with Hungary proper and partly 

 with Croatia and Slavonia, the lands of the 

 Hungarian crown now consist of three large 

 historic divisions, namely : 



The Hungarian ministry was, in December, 

 1873, composed as follows : 1. President of the 

 Ministry, Joseph von Szlavy ; from July, 1870, 

 to December, 1872, Minister of Agriculture, 

 Industry, and Commerce ; appointed President 

 of the Council of Ministers December 5, 1872. 

 2. Minister near the King's person (ad latu), 

 Baron Wcnckheim (appointed March, 1871). 



3. Minister of Finance, Chas. Kerkapolyi (1870). 



4. Minister of the Interior, Count Szapary 

 (March 5, 1873). 5. Minister of Education and 

 Public Worship, Dr. Augustin Trfifort (Septem- 

 ber 5, 1872). 6. Minister of Justice, Dr. Th. 

 Pauler, formerly Professor of Jurisprudence at 

 the University of Pesth Minister of Educa- 

 tion and Public Worship from March, 1871, to 

 September, 1872 (appointed Minister of Justice 

 September 5, 1872). 7. Minister of Public 

 Works, Louis Tisza (March, 1871). 8. Minister 

 of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce,Count 

 Joseph Zichy (December 5, 1872). 9. Minister 

 of Croatia and Slavonia, Count Pejacsevitch 

 (March, 1871). 



The Hungarian Diet or Reichstag consists of 

 two Houses. The Upper House, called the 

 Table of Magnates, was in 1873 composed of * 

 the three Austrian archdukes who have landed 

 property in Hungary; 31 archbishops, bish- 

 ops, and other high church dignateries of 

 the Roman Catholic and Greek Oriental 

 Churches; of 12 "imperial banner-bearers," 

 57 supreme conuts (presidents of counties), 

 5 supreme royal judges, the count (comes) 

 of the Transylvania Saxons, the Governor of 

 Fiume, 3 princes, 218 counts, 80 barons, and 

 3 " regalists " from Transylvania. The Lower 

 House, called the Table of Deputies, comprised 

 in the same year 444 members, of whom 334 

 represented Hungary proper, 1 Fiume, 75 

 Transylvania, and 34 Croatia and Slavonia. 

 The Diet meets annually, and new general elec- 

 tions take place every three years. The right 

 of voting belongs to all who have received an 

 academic education, carry on a regular busi- 

 ness, or pay a small amount of direct taxes, as 

 provided by the electoral law. The language 

 of the Diet is the Hungarian, which every 

 member is required to understand ; only the 

 representatives of Croatia and Slavonia have 

 the right to use their own language. 



The public revenue of Hungary for the year 

 1872 amounted to $7,943,000, the expenditure 

 to $10,904,000 ; deficit, $2,961,000. The bud- 

 get estimates for 1873, which were presented 

 to the Diet in March, showed a deficit of about 

 $7,000,000. To meet the interest of the com- 

 mon debt of the monarchy, contracted prior 

 to 1858, Hungary pays an annual contribution 

 of $13,630,000. Besides, Hungary has a special 

 debt, amounting in 1872 to $219,000,000. The 

 large moneyed institutions of Hungary have 

 of late, as in cis-Leithania, increased very rap- 

 idly in number, but not so much proportion- 

 ally in the amount of their capital. The fol- 

 lowing banks (all of them in Pesth) have a 

 capital exceeding $2,000.000 : Anglo-Hunga- 

 rian Bank, established in 1868, $4,700,000 ; the 

 Hungarian General Credit Bank (1867), $14,- 

 100,000 ; the Franco-Hungarian Bank (1867), 

 $15,000,000; the Pesth Bank (1872), $2,350,- 

 000; the General Hungarian Municipal Bank 

 (1872), $4,700,000. 



The aggregate length of railways in the 

 monarchy, open for traffic and under construe- 



