360 



HUNGARY. 



I1UNGERFORD, WILLIAM. 



tion, was, on January 1, 1872, as follows: 

 Open for traffic, 12,047 kilometres (1 kilo- 

 metre = 0.62 mile); in construction, 4,546 

 miles. The work of the post-otlicc in IS'l 

 was as follows: Private letters, :t7.3ti8.139 ; 

 official letters, 7,079,683; private pa- 

 4,374,811; private newspapers, 22,303,771. 

 The length of telegraph-wires, in January, 

 1872, was 29,561 kilometres. The number of 

 telegraph-stations was 491. 



The administration of the new prime-minister 

 Szlavy, who had been appointed in December, 

 1 *~~-l, was not supported by a compact and largo 

 majority, and therefore was only able to main- 

 tain itself by making compromises with differ- 

 ent parties. In February, a motion made by 

 Ocaky to enter into a discussion of the nu- 

 merous petitions which had been presented for 

 the expulsion of the Jesuits aud the suppres- 

 sion of all convents, was adopted, contrary to 

 the wish of the ministry, by 133 against 

 102 votes. The same was the case (February 

 27th) with a motion of Jranyi, instructing the 

 ministry to bring in a bill for the establish- 

 ment of religious liberty, and the introduc- 

 tion of civil marriage. On both bills Deak voted 

 with the Liberals. On May 30th, the peti- 

 tions concerning the Jesuits and the convents 

 were referred to the ministry. This was 

 contrary to the wish of the Liberal party, 

 who believed the ministry to be anxiously 

 desirous of avoiding a rupture with the 

 church party. New difficulties arose when 

 the bishops began to proclaim the doc- 

 trine of pupal infallibility. The first to do this 

 was the Bishop of Stuhlweissenburg, who, for 

 not having previously applied for the royal 

 "placet," was cited before the Council of 

 Ministers and formally censured. The party 

 of the Left regarded this attitude of the Gov- 

 ernment as insufficient to protect the rights of 

 the state against the Church ; while, on the 

 other hand, the Archbishop of Ciran and Pri- 

 mate of Hungary, Siraor, denounced the bills 

 presented by the Government for the adminis- 

 tration of educational and church funds by the 

 state as an encroachment on the government 

 of the Church, and declared a conflict between 

 chnrch and state as inevitable. When, not- 

 withstanding the censure of the liishop of 



incisscnbnrg by tlic ministry, the In 

 of lioseiiau also proclaimed the doctrine of 

 infallibility, an animated discussion took place 

 in the Diet, in which Deak (on June 28th) made 

 one of his great speeches II. proposed to re- 

 arrange the relations between church and 

 state according to the American system, and 

 that accordingly every church should be re- 

 garded ns an association with the affairs of 

 which the state Government should not 

 He. so long as the acts of the Chnrch in- 

 volved no daniror for the state. The Diet re- 

 solved tonppoint a committee tor the prepara- 

 tion of a bill arranging the relations between 

 church ami state on the basis of the principles 

 developed in the speech of Deak. All | 



appeared to bo satisfied with this inca-ure; 

 hut its execution made little progress, to the 

 great satisfaction of the Catholic party, which, 

 under the leadership of Selinve>. endeav- 

 ored to obtain, in place of the vacillating 

 ministration of S/lavy, the control oi 

 (Government. The party of Deak, on the 

 other hand, was considerably strengthened by 

 the establishment of a better understand))., 

 tweeii it ami the party of the " Left Cel.tre." 



The most important measure ohtaiiu 

 the ministry during the year was the final 

 regulation of the relations between Hungary 

 and Croatia. The agreement (Ausgleich) which 

 had been made in 1868 was modified after 

 long negotiations in some of its points in 

 favor of Croatia. The main points of the new 

 meiit are: The appointment of the Banns 

 of Croatia must receive the signature of the 

 Prime-Minister of Hungary; 45 per cent, of the 

 revenue of Croatia shall be reserved for the 

 administration of that province; the Diet of 

 Croatia must be convoked at least once every 

 three years ; charters of new railroad com- 

 panies can only he given by the Hungarian 

 Diet. The Croatian Diet adopted the new 

 ment on September Cth, by a vote of 79 

 against 10. 



On June 29th a treaty was concluded with 

 Turkey which promised a speedy removal of 

 the obstruction to the navigation of the Dan- 

 ube at the Iron Gate. 



On December 20th the Ministers Kerkapolyi 

 and Tiza resigned their offices, and theirphu es 

 were provisionally filled by the prime-minis- 

 ter and by Count Zichy. 



During the last days of the year a grei.t 

 sensation was produced by the announcement 

 that very shortly Deak would withdraw from 

 political life. 



HUNGEBFORD, WILLIAM. LL. D., an emi- 

 nent and profound jurist, the father of the 



Hartford bar.and the author of st of the great 



decisions in insurance, railway, and steamboat 

 law, on which legal action in this country is 

 based, born in lladlyme parish, East lladdam, 

 Conn., November 22, 1786; died in Hartford, 

 January 15, 1878. At about nine years of age 

 he suffered from a serions attack of im. 

 which permanently affected the muscles of his 

 throat and face for the rest of his life, so as to 

 almost constantly produce an involuntary 

 movement of his head and face. He attended 

 the common school, and when of sufficient age 

 assisted his father in the cultivation of a farm, 

 for which he always retained a taste, and fre- 

 quently busied himself in training the fruit 

 when visiting his home in aftir-\ears. lie 

 was fitted for Vale College in company with 

 the Rev. Joseph Harvey, of the same place, by 

 the Itev. Joseph Vail, pastor of the church in 

 lladlyme. and was graduated at Vale in 1809. 



From September succeeding his graduation, to 



the following March, he taught the High School 

 in "West chcstcr. Conn., nnd then pur'-ncd the 

 study of law with Roger Griswold and Matthew 



