ITALY. 



Deputies. The Senate is composed of the 

 princes of the royal family who are of age, 

 and an unlimited number of members who are 

 appointed liy the King for life. In the se.saion 

 of 1872 the number of senators was 270. The 

 members of the Chamber of Deputies are 

 elected by a majority of all citizens who are 

 twenty -five years of age, and pay taxes to the 

 amount of 40 lire (1 lire=19.3 cents). For 

 this purpose, the kingdom is divided into 508 

 electoral colleges; the average number of 

 inhabitants for every electoral college being 

 62.955. The aggregate number of electors en- 

 rolled on the poll-list in 1870 was 528,982, 

 being 1.97 per cent, of the total population. 

 The number of electors who took part in the 

 election was 238,448, or 45.8 per cent. The 

 successful candidates received an aggregate 

 vote of 176,693 votes, being 348 votes for each 

 successful candidate.. No deputy can be re- 

 tnrned to Parliament unless at least one-third 

 of the inscribed electors appear at the poll. 

 President of the Italian Senate in 1873 wag the 

 Marchese Fardella di Torrearsa; Vice-Presi- 

 dents, P. II. Vigliani, T. Count Mamiani, A. 

 Scialoja, G. Count Cambray-Digny ; Presi- 

 dent of the Chamber of Deputies, 3. Biancheri ; 

 Vice-Presidents, A. Mordini, J. Pisanclli, N. 

 Ferracciu, F. Restelli. The presiding officers 

 of the Senate are appointed by the King; 

 those of the Chamber of Deputies are elected 

 by that Chamber. 



The Council of States decides on conflicts 

 between administrative authorities nnd courts. 

 and on conflicts between the state and its 

 creditors. President of the Council of State, 

 L. iles Ambrois de Revache, Minister of Stun-. 

 and senator: President of the Section of the 

 Interior, T. Marchese Spinola; of the section 

 of Justice and Worship, C. Mameli; of Fi- 

 nances, G. Baron Sappo. 



According to the fundamental statute, the 

 Roman Catholic religion is tin- ivlijrinn of the 

 state ; the other creeds are tolerated. There 

 is a general freedom in the public exorcise <>t' 

 any form of religion; and the civil and politi- 

 cal rights of the citizen do not require the pro- 

 fession of any religion. The dominions of 

 the Pope having been incorporated with the 

 kingdom of Italy, his prerogatives and the re- 

 lation between church and state were regu- 

 lated by the law of May 18, 1871. The per- 

 son of the Pope is sacred and inviolable. The 

 Italian Government renders to him the honors 

 of a sovereign, and guarantees to him a yearly 

 donation of 3.225.000 lire. Italy has 47 arch- 

 bishoprics. '217 bishoprics, and 8 abbeys with 

 episcopal jurisdiction. The number of Catho- 

 lic clergymen exceeds 100,000. All the con- 

 vents were suppressed by a royal decree of 

 July 7, 1866; to the province of Rome tins 

 law was extended in 1873, an exception being 

 only made with regard to the houses in which 

 the general* of religions orders resided. 



Eli-iiu'iitary education is now made compul- 

 sory, but the attendance at the primary schools 



is still far from being satisfactory. There 

 were, in 1*72, 34,213 public and 9.1(17 private 

 elementary schools; total, 48,380 ; the number 

 of pupils was 1,746,467. Secondary instruc- 

 tion was given, in 1870, in 852 gymnasia (l"l 

 royal), and 272 technical schools; and for 

 more advanced pupils, in 142 lyceiims, h9 in- 

 dustrial schools and technical special schools. 

 The number of universities was 22, of which 

 17 were royal, 4 (Ferrara, Perugia, Camerino, 

 and Urbino) provincial, and 1 (the Supiciiza 

 at Rome) papal. The number of professors 

 and students at the 17 royal universities was, 

 in 1878, as follows : 



The theological faculty has been abolished 

 at all these universities. Bologna, Catania, 

 Genoa, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Pavin. I'isi, 

 Rome, Turin, and Padua, have four faculties 

 each (law, medicine and surgery, mat hematics 

 and natural science, philosophy and literature); 

 C'agliuri, Modena, and Parma, three; and the 

 others two. 



The results of the census as regards the re- 

 ligious professions of the inhabitants had not 

 been published at the close of the year 1878. 

 The number of Protestants was estimated at 

 about 40,000, that of Israelites at 86,000, that 

 of other creeds at 6,000. 



The financial accounts for the years 1871 

 nnd 1872, and the budget estimates for the 

 year 1873, were as follows (value in lire 

 1 lire = 19.8 cts.). 



isn. 



HcTcnni- ...... 



Receipt! ..... 



Deficit ...... 



1,877,780,786 



isr. 



l,M*,tM.MI 



7u."N'..:r.!l 



1KTS. 



1,809,601,87) 

 ~W.01fl.J99" 



The actual disbursements have of late rcgn- 

 larly exceeded the estimated deficits. In or- 

 der to meet the alarming deficits, the Govern- 

 ment in 1864 sold the state railways for a sum 

 of 200,000,000 lire; in 1867 it levied the 

 sum of 600,000,000 lire on ecclesiastical prop- 

 erty ; and in 1868 made over the stute mo- 

 nopoly on tobacco to a French company, in 

 consideration of 180,000,000 lire; the remain- 

 der was made up by loans. 



The total debt of the kingdom amounted in 



