KHIVA. 



405 



Jomuts, part of whom began to disperse. Dur- 

 ing the following days the Russians marched 

 through Kjatan and Kosh-Kupyra upon the 

 capital, Khiva. The Khivans, and the Toor- 

 komanni who had remained with them, at- 

 tempted on June 8th another bold surprise; 

 but it failed like the preceding ones. On June 

 9th the Russians arrived at the capital, where 

 the greatest lawlessness and disorder pre- 

 vailed, as the Khan had fled. General Werew- 

 kin ordered the city to be bombarded, when 

 soon after he learned that the commander-in- 

 chief, General Kaufmann, had likewise reached 

 Khiva. He was directed by the latter to stop 

 the bombardment as soon as the guns on the 

 walls of the city would cease firing. 



The Toorkistan corps, consisting of about 

 5,000 men, and commanded by Major-General 

 Golovatshov, had started in tho beginning of 

 March in two columns. The one had been 

 concentrated at Ka.salinsk, on the Sir Darja ; 

 it marched under the command of Colonel 

 Golor, and accompanied by the Grand-duke 

 Nicholas Oonstantinovitch, up the Sir Darja 

 to Perovski, and from there in a southwesterly 

 direction, along the banks of the Djang Darja 

 to Irkibai. Here they erected a fort and then 

 advanced in a southeasterly direction to effect 

 a. junction with the other Toorkistan division. 

 The latter marched from Tashkend, Khodjend, 

 and lira-Tube to Djisak on the river Kly, 

 where the whole of the division was assembled 

 on March 23th. From there it marched 

 through the desert of Kisilkum, to the well 

 Arystan - bel - Kuduk, when the commander- 

 in-ehief, General Kaufmann commanded to 

 halt for a few days, in order to await the ar- 

 rival of the column of Kasalinsk. In tho 

 latter place an ambassador of the Khan of 

 Khiva had, in the mean while, arrived with the 

 Russian captives. He was requested by Gen- 

 eral K-mfmann to xsome to his headquarters. 

 When the Tashkend column arrived at Temir 

 Kobuk, at the entrance of the desert of Kisil 

 Knm, 127 versts of Djisak, ambassadors of the 

 Khan of Bokhara appeared, in order to assure 

 the Russians that their ruler would assist 

 them as much as was in his power. Special 

 envoys of the Khans of Bokhara and Khokand 

 joined tho headquarters of General Kaufmann 

 and accompanied him during the whole ex- 

 pedition. In consequence of the information 

 received in Arystan-bel-Kuduk, the route of 

 the march was changed, and tho army advanced 

 to Khala-ata. The new route was found to 

 be not only more convenient, but also much 

 shorter. On April 24th (May fith) the union of 

 the two armies took place at Khala-ata. On 

 May 6th they started for Us-atshag, on the 

 right bank of the Amu Darya, where they ar- 

 rived on May 23d, after having routed on the 

 day before a Khi van army on the Lake Sardaba- 

 Ktil. They then marched down the Amn as far 

 as Theik-aryk, where the Khivan troops, who 

 had been dispersed at the Lake Sardaba-Kul, 

 had occupied a fortified position and fired upon 



the Russians. Their fire was soon silenced, and 

 on May 30th the Amu was crossed by the Rus- 

 sians. On June 4th they occupied Hasar-asp. 

 Here an envoy of the Khan of Khiva appeared, 

 to offer peace, and ask the Russians to arrest 

 their advance. This was declined by General 

 Kaufmann, who, without delay, advanced upon 

 Khiva, which he reached on the 9th, simul- 

 taneously with the united Orenburg and Cau- 

 casian corps under General Werewkin. 



On June 10th the Khivans began to reopen 

 their tire upon the Orenburg and Caucasian 

 troops. General Werewkin who on the day 

 before had been wounded, therefore, gave 

 orders to commence hostilities, and soon alter 

 captured the walls and the gates. At the 

 same time the Toorkistan troops advanced 

 against the eastern part of the town, when 

 the highest dignitaries of tho town appeared 

 before General Kaufmann and offered uncon- 

 ditional submission. At two o'clock in the 

 afternoon, parts of the Toorkistan, Orenburg, 

 and Caucasian troops, with flying banners, en- 

 tered the city, and, on the open place before 

 the palace of the Khan, General Kaufmann 

 congratulated the troops upon their heroic 

 conduct, and the grand success of the expedi- 

 tion. In a few days, quiet and order were 

 completely restored, and the people returned 

 to their customary avocations. To the Khan 

 Seid Mehemuied Rakhim, who, with the heads 

 of the war-party, had fled to the Jomuts, Gen- 

 eral Kaufmann addressed a letter, asking him 

 to return. On the following evening, the 

 young prince appeared in the headquarters of 

 the Governor of Toorkistan, who received him 

 with all the honors due to his rank. 



The Toorkoman tribes who had aided the 

 Khan, and had in all about 30, 000 men in arms, 

 were ordered to pay a part of the war indem- 

 nification, and, when they refused to comply, 

 an expedition was undertaken against them in 

 July, which was entirely successful. The native 

 population of Khiva, which had often suffered 

 from the rapacity of the Toorkomans, appeared 

 to be well satisfied with the result of the ex- 

 pedition. The Orenburg and Caucasian troops 

 were then ordered to return. 



On July 25th the Khan of Khiva published 

 a manifesto, setting at liberty nil slaves in the 

 khanate, and abolishing slavery forever. 



In August a treaty of peace was concluded 

 between the Khan and General von Kaufmann. 

 The treaty sets out the frontier between the 

 Russian and Khivese territories as follows: 

 From Kukertli to the point where the most 

 westerly branch of the Amu Darya leaves the 

 main stream, that river is to form the frontier. 

 Farther down the frontier runs along the most 

 westerly branch of the river to the shore of 

 Sea of Aral, then proceeds along the shore to 

 the Promontory of Urgu, and from the latter 

 point follows the slope of the TJst-Urt plateau 

 along the so-called ancient bed of the Amu. 

 All the land on the right bank of the Amn, 

 with all inhabitants, both sedentary and no- 



