LEROY DE SAINT-ARNAUD, L. A. 



IIEBIG, BARON JUSTUS VON. 409 



unfinished state, and it is doubtful if any one 

 else can complete it. Mr. Leuvitt was also a 

 most earnest and powerful speaker, and to 

 his speeches in the antislavery cause, of which 

 he made many, are attributed largely the 

 growth of the movement. In 1855 Wabash 

 College conferred on him the honorary degree 

 of D. D. Dr. Leavitt's correspondence with 

 Cobden, and his " Memoir on Wheat," setting 

 forth the unlimited capacity of our Western 

 territory for the growth and exportation of 

 wheat, were very instrumental in procuring 

 the repeal of the English corn laws. During 

 his visit to Europe he also became much inter- 

 ested in Sir Rowland Hill's system of cheap 

 postage, which he advocated for adoption in 

 this country, both through the newspapers and 

 before the Congress committee. In 1847 he 

 founded the Cheap Postage Society of Boston, 

 and in 1848-'49 he labored in Washington in 

 its behalf, for the establishment of a two-cent 

 system. During several years past, Dr. Leavitt 

 had devoted much time to the study of the 

 subject of free trade, of which he was an ear- 

 nest advocate. In 1869 he received a gold 

 medal from the Cobden Society of England 

 for an essay on our commercial relations with 

 Great Britain, in which he took an advanced 

 position in favor of free trade. Tall and com- 

 manding in figure, and striking in countenance, 

 Dr. Leavitt's appearance was most imposing. 

 In manner he was kind and gentle, and in 

 thought and expression most pure and chaste. 



LEROY DE SAINT - ARNAUD, Louis 

 AIWJLPUR, a French senator, jurist, and cabinet 

 officer, brother of the late Marshal de Saint- 

 Arnand, born at Paris, in 1802 ; died in that 

 city. June 21, 1873. He was educated in one 

 of the lyceums of Paris, studied law and was 

 admitted to the bar of the Court Royal in 1825. 

 He had attained, in twenty-six years of active 

 practice, a high reputation as an advocate, 

 when the connection of his brother, afterward 

 Marshal de Saint- Arnaud, with the coup d'etat 

 in 1851, brought him into unexpected promi- 

 nence. He was appointed, the same year, 

 Mayor of the Twelfth Arrondissement of 

 Paris, and in January, 1852, called by a decree 

 of the Prince-President into the Council of 

 State, in the Section of Finance. On the 26th 

 of December, 1857, he was created a Senator 

 of France, and subsequently elected a member 

 of the Council-General of the Gironde. He 

 had been an officer of the Legion of Honor since 

 1852, and commander in that order since 1859. 

 In 1855 he collected and published, in two vol- 

 nmes 8vo, the private correspondence of his 

 brother, under the title of " Letters of Marshal 

 de Saint-Arnand." 



LIEBIG, Baron JUSTUS vos, Ph. D., an emi- 

 nent chemist and scientist, born in Darmstadt, 

 Germany, May 12, 1808 ; died in Munich, April 

 18, 1873. His early education was obtained in 

 the gymnasium of his native town. After 

 iprndiiiir ten months in an apothecary's estab- 

 lishment at Heppcnheim, he entered, in 1819, the 



University of Bonn, and subsequently received 

 a medical diploma at Erlangen. When in 

 his nineteenth year he was enabled, by the as- 

 sistance of the Grand-duke of Hesse-Darm- 

 stadt, to visit Paris, where he devoted two 

 years to the study of chemistry. In 1824 he 

 read before the French Institute a paper on the 

 chemical composition of fulminates (or, to be 

 more exact, on fulminic acid), which attracted 

 the attention of Hnmboldt, and by his influ- 

 ence Liebig was appointed Adjunct Professor 

 of Chemistry at Giessen. In 1826 he was 

 made professor in the university, and soon 

 established a laboratory for teaching practical 

 chemistry, the first of the kind in Germany. 

 Drs. Hoftnan, Will, and Fresenius, were his 

 assistants in this laboratory, which became a 

 resort for students from all parts of the world. 

 In 1832 Liebig with his colleague Woliler estab- 

 lished the Annalen der Pharmacie, to which he 

 continued for many years to contribute valua- 

 ble papers. In 1838 he visited England, where 

 he read a paper at a meeting of the British 

 Association, and was requested by that body 

 to draw up two reports one on isomcric bod- 

 ies, the other on organic chemistry. The re- 

 sponse was made in 1840, in a work entitled 

 " Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture 

 and Physiology," wherein he developed the 

 fundamental principles of chemistry and the 

 laws of organic chemistry in particular in their 

 application to agriculture and physiology ; to 

 the causes of fermentation, decay, and putrefac- 

 tion ; to the vinous and acetic fermentations, 

 and to nitrification. He treated also of the eon- 

 version of woody fibre into coal ; the nature 

 of poisons, contagions and luiasms, and the 

 causes of their action on the living organism. 

 To this work soon succeeded a volume of " Fa- 

 miliar Letters on Chemistry in its relation to 

 Commerce, Physiology, and Agriculture," 

 wherein the same investigations were con- 

 tinned. The effects of these letters in Ger- 

 many, as stated by Liebig in his preface to the 

 English edition of 1843, was " to lend to the 

 establishment of new professorships in the 

 Universities of Gdttingen and Wurzburg, for 

 the express purpose of facilitating the applica- 

 tion of chemical truths to the practical arts of 

 life, and of following np the new line of in- 

 vestigation and research the bearing of chem- 

 istry upon physiology, medicine, and agricult- 

 ure which may be said to be only just begun." 

 In June, 1842, Liebig presented to the British 

 Association a second report in response to their 

 request in 1838. This was entitled "Animal 

 Chemistry, or Chemistry in its Application to 

 Physiology and Pathology," a work which, 

 among other good results, led to a better ap- 

 preciation of the nature and proper application 

 of medicines and food. This particular subject 

 continued to occupy his attention, and the re- 

 sults of his further investigations were embod- 

 ied in two works, " The Motions of the Juices 

 in the Animal Body," and "Researches on the 

 Chemistry of Food." These works, which 



