442 LITERATURE, ENGLISH, IN 1878. 



LIVINGSTONE, DAVID. 



"Admiral Sir Edwnrd Codrington," and of 

 " Thomas, First Lord I leiiman," are also biog- 

 raphies that have an historical interest and 

 value. Among works more strictly hiographi- 

 cal are tbe "Life of Bishop John Coleridge 

 Pattison," by Charlotte M. \ onge, .1 largo por- 

 trait of a man deserving to be long remem- 

 bered; Dean Alford's "Life, Journal, and Let- 

 ters;" Dean Mansel's "Letters, Lectures, and 

 Reviews ; " the " Personal Life of George 

 Grote," by his widow ; the " Autobiography 

 of Dr. Thomas Gnthrie; " "Erasmus, his Life 

 and Character," by R. B. Drummond; the 

 "Life and Letters of James David Forbes, 

 F.L.S.," by J. C. Sharp, P. G. Tait. nn.l A. 

 Adams; "Angeliquo Arnauld," by Frances 

 Martin; and "Plutarch: his Life, his Lives, 

 and his Morals," by Archbishop Trench. A 

 work of special value as n literary biography, 

 is "Archibald Constable and his Literary Cor- 

 respondents." 



Books of travel are among the most likely 

 to be reprinted here; to the list of such, that 

 has been already given, are to bo added some 

 works of descriptive and picturesque tourists : 

 " The Pilgrimage of the Tiber from its Mouth 

 to its Source," by W. Davies; "The Hart/ 

 Mountains, a Tour in the Fog Country," by 

 Henry Blackburn; "Word Sketches in tlio 

 Sweet South,'' by Mary Catharine Jackson; 

 "Station Amusements in New Zealand," by 

 Lady Barker; and a work of some geographi- 

 cal importance, "The Threshold of the Un- 

 known Region," by Clements B. Markham, 

 C. B., a careful mapping out of BOOompUahed 

 results in arctic exploration, showing thus 

 what remains to be attempted. A memorial 

 of the African slave-trade, which it is hoped 

 will ere long be only an evil memory, is " Dlunv- 

 Chasing," by Captain G. L. Sullivan, R. N. 



In Fiction, the books of the year, almost the 

 only ones that rose above the general level of 

 the "unexceptionable" and the "pleasant" 

 novel, were Lord Lytton's posthumous publi- 

 cations, "Kenclm Chillingly "and "The Paris- 

 ians," and that fresh and unconventional crea- 

 tion, " A Princess of Thulo," by William 

 Black. In number, works of fiction exceeded 

 any other class, and it would bo unjust not to 

 gar that in this immense flow of story the un- 

 exceptionable and the pleasing constitute a 

 very considerable proportion of the whole. 

 Mr. Fargeon, liko Dickens, throws a kindly 

 light on the poverty of the metropolis, but he 

 Is at a far remove from Dickens. There is IM 

 acknowledged master-magician. 



In literary and art criticism, and other 



mtoellaneoas writing*, should be mentioned 



"Biographical and Critical Essays," by A. 



ward. Q.C. ; "Studies In the History of 



the Konniiwance," by W. II. Pat 



French Humorist., from the Twelfth to the 



en'h Century," by Walter Besart; 



old and New," by Charles 



Khn: ..nardoda Vinci and hi* Work*," 



by Mr*. P. Heat-.n, and Mr. C. Black; "The 



Minor Works of George Grote ; " " The Friend- 

 ship of Books, and other Essays," by th. 

 Rev. Frederick I >< -nisoii Mariee, edited by 

 Thomas Hughes; "Chapters on Animals," by 

 !'.<;. llam.Tioii ; and I)r. W. Luhke's " History 

 of Sculpture,'' tran-lated by F. K. Bunnct. 



The publication of cheap editions of standard 

 authors has become an active branch of busi- 

 ness in England. America was once noted tor 

 cheap books, while the mention of nn Kngli.-h 

 edition at once suggested costliness. But the. 

 case is now reversed. In England a copy of 

 Shakespeare's works, complete, and not ille- 

 gibly printed, can be had for a shilling, Milton 

 for sixpence, and Cowper, Wordsworth, Byron, 

 equally cheap; the Waverley Novels at three- 

 pence apiece. The works of Gibbon, Hume, 

 llallam, and others, have been similarly re- 

 duced in price, and as last as copyrights expire 

 the best books of our own time will probably 

 be added to the list and placed within reach 

 of the million. One effect of the cheap manu- 

 facture of books in England is that importa- 

 tion is in many cases more profitable than re- 

 printing. 



LIVINGSTONE, Rev. DAVID, M. D., D. D., a 

 Scottish clergyman, physician, and missionary 

 to Southern and Central Africa, the most fear- 

 less and indefatigable explorer of modern 

 times, born at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, Scotland, 

 in 1817 (some authorities say 1815), and re- 

 ported to have died from fever and exposure 

 in Lobisa, about midway between Lakes liaiig- 

 weolo and Nyassa, in about latitude 10 50' 

 south, and longitude 80 east from Greenwich, 

 May 4, 1873. His father, who had removed 

 in boyhood from Ulva, one of the, Hebrides, 

 to Blantyre, and worked for a time in the. 

 ci. lion-mills there, subs, quciitly established 

 himself as a tea-trader in Hamilton, a suburb 

 of Glasgow, but never succeeded in acquiring 

 wealth. At the ago of ten years, young Liv- 

 ingstone was employed as a picecrin a cotton- 

 factory, and continued in this and other hard 

 work in the. factory till ho was twenty-one 

 years of ago. An evening school furnished 

 him with the opportunity of acquiring some 

 knowledge of Latin and Greek; and finally, 

 after attending a course of medicine at tho 

 Glasgow University, and the theological lect- 

 ures of I>r. Wardlaw. Professor of Theology 

 to the Scotch Independent College, he offered 

 himself to tho London Missionary Society, by 

 whom ho was ordained as a medical missionary 

 in 1*10. He intended that China should be the 

 Held of his labors, but, owing to the Opium 

 War, it was deemed inexpedient for him to 

 go there, and accordingly ho was designated 

 for tho African mission an event which 

 determined the future course of his life. 

 In the summer of 1K40, after a voyaire of 

 three months, belauded at Port Natal, in South 

 Africa, and promptly repaired to Kuruman, 

 where the veteran African 7iiissionary. I>r. 

 Moffatt, had founded a station. Hero he 

 met tho lady a daughter of Dr. Moffatt 



