PHILLIPS, WILLARD. 



PORTUGAL. 



643 



PHILLIPS, WILLABD, LL. D., A. A. S., an 

 American jurist and author, born in Bridge- 

 water, Mass., December 19, 1784; died in Cam- 

 bridge, Mass., September 9, 1873. He procured 

 the means for his education by teaching, and 

 graduated at Harvard University in the class 

 of 1810, remaining there a tutor until 1815. He 

 then gave his attention to the study of law, 

 and, having been admitted to the bar, com- 

 menced practice in Boston, and rose to emi- 

 nence in his profession. At the same time he 

 aided in the editorship of the North Ameri- 

 can Review, to which he was until 1834 a con- 

 tributor. In 1825-'26 he was a member of 

 the State Legislature, and in 1839 was made 

 Judge of Probate for Suffolk County, retaining 

 that office until 1847. In addition to the dis- 

 charge of his duties as judge, he was employed 

 for a number of years, under a legislative 

 commission to himself and others, in reducing 

 the laws of crimes and punishments to a sys- 

 tematic code, and, although the report was 

 never adopted by the Legislature of Massa- 

 chusetts, the work has had a material influence 

 on legislation and the administration of the 

 criminal law. In 1845 Mr. Phillips retired 

 from the practice of his profession. He was 

 the author of " An Appeal to the Public 

 Spirit of the Federalists and the Good Sense 

 of the Democrats," 1812; "Treatise on In- 

 surance," 1823, fifth edition, 2 vols., 8vo, 

 1868; "Treatise on Patents," 1837; "Invent- 

 or's Guide," 1837 ; " A Manual of Political 

 Economy," 1828; "Propositions concerning 

 Protection and Free Trade," 1850 ; edited, with 

 Edward Pickering, the first American edition 

 of " Collyer on Partnership," and in 1832 pub- 

 lished a digest of the first eight volumes of 

 Pickering's "Reports." He also wrote many 

 important articles for the "Encyclopaedia 

 Americana," and for some years edited and 

 published the American Jurist. 



PILLSBURY, AMOS, a prison reformer and 

 manager, born in New Hampshire in 1805; 

 died in Albany, N. Y., July 14, 1873. Mr. 

 Pillsbury's father was warden of State-pris- 

 ons in New Hampshire and Connecticut for 

 many years, and the son thus learned some- 

 thing of the management of prisons. In the 

 prime of life he was appointed warden of the 

 Stiitu-prison of Connecticut at Wethersfield, 

 and held the position for many years. lie was 

 a strict disciplinarian, but ho possessed also 

 great organizing ability, and made the prison 

 pay a handsome sum to the State over the cost 

 of its support, and this without cruelty to the 

 prisoners. Still it must be acknowledged that 

 his rnle was rigorons and severe. After leav- 

 ing \Vether?field he was warden of prisons for 

 other States for several years, and for a short 

 time Superintendent of Police in New York 

 City. When the new penitentiary was erected 

 at Albany, it was planned according to his 

 suggestions, and he became its superintendent, 

 and continued there till his death. He made 

 this penitentiary pay an income to the county, 



but he had abated much from his early stern- 

 ness and severity, and the kindly feelings and 

 warm sympathy which he possessed were al- 

 lowed more free exercise. He became a stand- 

 ard authority on questions of moderate prison 

 reform, and in the summer of 1872 attended 

 the Prison Congress in London, and took part 

 in its discussions. General Pillsbury was a 

 man of unblemished character, and was highly 

 esteemed by those who knew him best. 



PONIATOWSKI, Prince JOSEPH MICHEL 

 XAVIEB FBANC.OIS JEAJT, an eminent musical 

 composer, French Senator, and diplomatist, of 

 Polish family, born at Rome February 20, 

 1816 ; died in Paris, July 4, 1873. His father, 

 Count Stanislaus Poniatowski, was own cousin 

 to the celebrated Polish prince of that name, 

 and both at Rome and at Florence, where he 

 after ward resided, was known as a great patron 

 of the fine arts. His son, Joseph, received a 

 military education, and went as a volunteer in 

 the French expedition to Algeria, where he 

 attained the rank of major in the Chasseurs 

 d'Afrique. Returning to -Tuscany, he was 

 naturalized there, and in 1848 was made a 

 Prince of Monte-Rotondo by the Grand-duke 

 Leopold II. He was twice elected a member 

 of the Chamber of Deputies at Florence, and 

 subsequently made minister plenipotentiary at 

 Paris, London, and Brussels. In February, 

 1851, he was made grand-officer of the Legion 

 of Honor. He fixed his permanent residence 

 at Paris, in August, 1854. In the following 

 October, by an imperial decree, he became a 

 naturalized Frenchman, and in December, 

 1854, was elevated to the dignity of Senator. 

 Among the numerous operas which he com- 

 posed are the following: "Jean de Procida," 

 "Ruy Bias," " La Fiancee d'Abydos," "Esme- 

 ralda," "Don Desiderio," "La Contessina," 

 and "Pierre de Medicis." He had also com- 

 posed and caused to be executed with success 

 the music for several masses, in the churches 

 of Saint-Roch and Saint-Eustache. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in Southwestern 

 Europe. King, Louis I., born October 31, 1838 ; 

 succeeded his brother, King Pedro V., Novem- 

 ber 11, 1861 ; married October 6, 1862, to Pia, 

 youngest daughter of King Victor Emmanuel 

 of Italy. Issue of the union are two sons: 

 Carlos, born September 28, 1863, and Alfonso, 

 born July 31, 1865. The King has a civil list 

 of 365,000 milreis (1 milreis=$1.08), but re- 

 turns annually 55,000 milreis to be used for 

 general purposes. Father of the King, Ferdi- 

 nand, Duke of Saxe-Cbburg, born October 29, 

 1816, son of the late Duke Ferdinand of Saxe- 

 Coburg, married April 9, 1836, to Queen Maria 

 I. of Portugal, obtained the title of King Sep- 

 tember 16, 1837 ; Regent of Portugal from No- 

 vember 15, 1853, to September 16, 1855; mar- 

 ried in "morganatic" union, June 10, 1869, 

 to Madame Hensler. elevated Countess Edla. 



Portugal is divided into six provinces, the area 

 of which and population, according to official 

 calculations made in 1871, were as follows: 



