RATTAZZI, TJRBANO. 



681 



tract entitled "Why I am a Churchman " was 

 widely circulated in the denomination. In 

 1865 Dr. Randall was consecrated Missionary 

 Bishop of Colorado, etc., and his devotion to 

 the extensive field appointed him was ardent 

 and enthusiastic, enabling him to triumph over 

 obstacles which to most men would have seemed 

 iusunuountable. In the organization of new 

 churches at those points, where there was a 

 rapid increase of population, he was usually in 

 advance of all other denominations, and his 

 zeal and energy in the establishment of schools 

 and collegiate institutions was such as to com- 

 mand success. Jarvis Hall, at Denver, the 

 first and so far the only collegiate institution 

 in the Territory, which has received the grant 

 of the university lands, was founded by him, 

 and he was its chancellor till his death. He 

 had also established a boys' school and a semi- 

 nary for girls at other points in the Territory, 

 and had done much for education in Wyoming 

 and New Mexico. His death was undoubtedly 

 hastened by his excessive labors. 



RATTAZZI, UBBAXO, an Italian statesman, 

 born at Alessandria, Italy, June 29, 1808; died 

 in Frosinone, a small town in the old States of 

 the Church, June 5, 1878. He belonged to a 

 family already distinguished both as jurists 

 and political leaders. He was educated at the 

 College of Alessandria, and, having chosen the 

 legal profession, was admitted to the bar at 

 Turin, where he practised with great success 

 until 1838, when he removed to Casole, where 

 a new Court of Appeals had been established, 

 in which he distinguished himself by his great 

 legal attainments and his eloquence. He took 

 no part in politics until 1848, when, after the 

 revolution* and the constitution granted by 

 Charles Albert, he was sent by the College of 

 Alessandria as their representative in the 

 Chamber of Deputies at Turin, where he took 

 bis place among the ultra-Liberals. After the 

 battle of Custoza, Charles Albert hastily formed 

 a ministry, of which Rattazzi was a member, 

 but this ministry lasted only eight days. On 

 its downfall he became an active member 

 of the opposition, of which Gioberti was the 

 chief, until the success of his party, on the 16th 

 of December, 1848, resulted in his selection as 

 a member of the new ministry. This position 

 he occupied until after the end of the armis- 

 tice between Piedmont and Austria. The dis- 

 astrous engagement at Novarn, in March, 1849, 

 finished the national struggle that began the 

 previous year; the treacherous French expedi- 

 tion against the Roman Republic, and the re- 

 turn of the Pope, in 1850, were the concluding 

 acts of the great revolution. 



With the abdication of Charles Albert, Sig- 

 nor Rattazzi took his place in the Chamber as 

 a Democrat among the opposition. In the 

 course of time he became more conservative, 

 ranking among the intelligent chiefs of the 

 Left Centre, who demanded new reforms with 

 moderation. He became successively Vice- 

 Preeident and President of the Chamber, and 



shortly afterward he was made Minister of 

 Justice in the cabinet of which Cavour, his 

 former adversary, was the president in 1854. 

 The reaction throughout Italy had been com- 

 plete except in Piedmont, where the King 

 kept faith with his subjects, and observed the 

 constitutional forms conceded in 1848. The 

 political aim of Rattazzi was to save for 

 Piedmont as much liberty as possible in the 

 midst of the general ruin of liberal constitu- 

 tions, and he enjoyed, in consequence, a rare 

 distinction as a patriot at this time. He was 

 the author of the laws which effected, in Pied- 

 mont, the separation of Church and state. In 

 1856 he proposed a law for the abolition of 

 religious orders. He retired from the minis- 

 try in 1858, and was succeeded by Cavour. 

 Already in 1856 Cavour, in the Congress of 

 Paris, had exposed the unavoidable danger of 

 a continuance of Austrian and Papal rule, and 

 strongly urged the withdrawal of French and 

 Austrian troops from Italian soil. In the be- 

 ginning of 1859, Victor Emmanuel proclaimed 

 to the Sardinian Parliament his intention of 

 actively engaging in the deliverance of Italy 

 from Austria. Sardinia and France jointly 

 prepared for war, which actually began in 

 April of the same year. The late Emperor of 

 France had reason to rejoice in the successes 

 of Magenta and Solferino. They added to the 

 stability of his Government by giving his sub- 

 jects confidence in a fictitious prowess which 

 it was so much to his interest to maintain. 

 But it was not essential to the strength of the 

 imperial dynasty to confer the boon of com- 

 plete unity on Italy. Louis Napoleon was re- 

 sponsible for the abrupt and inconclusive 

 Peace of Villafranca in July, 1859, by which a 

 confederation of Italian states was proposed, 

 with the Papal protectorate. The whole of 

 Italy energetically rejected the scheme, and a 

 few days after the treaty was signed Cavour 

 was obliged to resign. He was succeeded by 

 Rattazzi. The latter, however, only remained 

 in office about six months. Knowing that the 

 annexation of the duchies, whose sovereigns 

 were in flight from the Lombard campaign, 

 could only be purchased with the loss of Savoy 

 and Nice, he was unwilling to agree definitely 

 to annexation. His authority was undermined 

 by Cavour, and he fell. Cavour was recalled 

 to the presidency of the cabinet. In March, 

 1860, Victor Emmanuel assumed the title of 

 King of Italy ; the next day the duchies were 

 incorporated with Sardinia, and six days later 

 Savoy and Nice were ceded to France. 



Toward the end of 1861 Signer Rattazzi was 

 sent on a mission to Paris. Having returned 

 to Italy in March, 1862, he was made Presi- 

 dent of the Council of Ministers, succeeding 

 Signer Ricasoli, whose fall was brought about 

 by the party of action. His accession to the 

 ministry was expressive of the aspirations of 

 the Italians for the possession of Rome and 

 the desire to satisfy the conditions in favor of 

 the Pope imposed by the French alliance. 



