682 RAUMER, FRIEDR. L. G. VON. 



REFORMED CHURCH. 



From tliat time the policy of RattazaS was of a 

 character which cost him much of his popu- 

 larity. Ho opposed the expedition of Gari- 

 baldi toward Rome, which, in August, 1862, 

 resulted in the disaster which overtook the 

 volunteers at Aspromonte. This course of the 

 Government, winch obtained no concession 

 from France, turned the current of public 

 opinion against him. At abont the same time, 

 he addod to the suspicions with which be was 

 regarded by marrying the somewhat noted 

 I'rinc.es.s Marie de Solms, daughter of the 

 Princess Lotitia Bonaparte, and granddaughter 

 of Lnoien Bonaparte. This led to the supposi- 

 tion that a very close understanding subsisted 

 between Rattazzi and the Government at Paris, 

 and renderi-il him more unpopular with the 

 Italians. He retired from office with :ill the 

 ministers. Ho again returned to the head of 

 affairs in 1867; but his ministry was only of 

 short duration. Garibaldi undertook another 

 expedition to Rome, and was defeated at Men- 

 tona, Rattazzi pursuing the same course as in 

 1802. Uattaz/.i was again obliged to resign, 

 and, although be did not withdraw from poli- 

 tics, he no longer exercised a controlling influ- 

 ence on the policy of the Government. Under 

 the Menabrea ministry he became once more 

 the leader of the opposition, and the most elo- 

 quent exponent of its opinions. He continued 

 in the opposition ifntil his death, but the 

 premier of the Italian ministry, Signor Lanza, 

 was at his bedside, an anxious and tender 

 friend, during his last hours, and a month 

 later himself resigned his office. 



It M'MKR, FRIEDRIOII LUDWIQ GBORG VON, 

 J. U. D., nn eminent German historian and 

 pr.ife--.cir in tin- I'niversity ol' Berlin, born ;it 

 WOrlitz, near Dessau, May 14, 1781 ; died in 

 Horlin, Juno 14, 1878. He was the eldest son 

 of the iliitinuuished agriculturist Goorg Fricd- 

 rich von Kaumcr. He received his oarh 

 cation in the Joaehim>!hal Gymnasium at Ber- 

 lin, and afterward pursued his studies in the Uni- 

 versities of Halle and Gottingen. In 1801 he 

 became a Rtfereivlariui, the lowest rank in the 

 judicial career in Prussia; tho following year 

 he was promoted to the position of Auettor, 

 and in 1809 he received the office of Counsel- 

 lor in tho ministry of Ilardenberg. He attained 

 the height of his ambition in 1811, when he 

 waamnde professor at Breslan. He had already 

 published four volumes: "Six Dialogues on 

 War and Commerce," 1806; "The System of 

 Taxation in Kn-.'land," 1810; ''The Orations 

 of ^Eschineaand Demosthenes on the Crown," 

 1811, and "201 Emendations to the A radian 

 and Turkish Genealogical Tables," 1811. The 

 careful research and profound learning dis- 

 played in tho last two works, won him a high 

 reputation among scholars. Prof, von Rauiner 

 visited Venice to 1815; the two following 

 years, with tho support of the Government, he 

 undertook a more extensive journey through 

 Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. Meantime 

 he published: "Manual of Remarkable Pas- 



sages from the Latin Historians of tho Middle 

 Ages," 1818: and "Autumn Voyage to Vcn- 

 1816. In 1819 ho was called" to the Berlin 

 University as Professor of Political Economy 

 and History. The publication of his more im- 

 portant works began in 1*21 with his 

 sons from Ancient History," -which appeared 

 in two volumes. Two years afterward he be- 

 gan the publication in six volumes of "Hi 

 of tho liohenstaufens and their Times.' 1 Tho 

 profundity of his genius first appeared in the 

 latter of these works. He therein displayed 

 the mature views of a statesman, and tin- lib- 

 erality of a thorough and independent spirit. 

 There was a happy combination of the school 

 and the world, and the results of his scientific 

 investigation were clothed in concise language. 

 In his long life he published many more vol- 

 umes, among which need only be mentioned 

 here : " Letters from Paris and France in 1830," 

 2vols., is:u ; "Letters from Paris for tho Pres- 

 ervation of Commentaries on the History of tho 

 XV Ilth and XVlIIth Centuries," 1831,2 vols. ; 

 " History of Europo from the End of the XVth 

 Century," 10 vols., 1882-1858; "England in 

 1835-1841," 3 vok, 1836-lsii:; Documents in 

 the British Museum and tho English Archives, 

 throwing Light upon Modern History," 5 vols., 

 1836-'89; "Italy: Notices on the Knowledge 

 of the Country," 2 vols., 1840; "The United 

 States of North America," 2 vols., 1846 ; " Let- 

 ters from Frankfort and Paris," 2 vols., 1849; 

 "On the Historical Development of the Ideas 

 of Law, State, and Politics," 1826; "On the 

 Municipal Administration in Prussia,' 1 1828; 

 "Letters on Antiquities," "Miscellanies," 3 

 vols., 1852-'54; "Manual of Literary History," 

 4 vols., 18G4-'6fi; etc., etc. In 184f lie deliv- 

 ered an address in honor of Friedrich II., but 

 it was so badly received that ho wns obliged 

 tn r. sign his position as secretary and member 

 of tho Academy of Sciences at Berlin. This 

 occurrence led to a demonstration of tho peo- 

 ple of Berlin, who elected him to the Munici- 

 pal Council and the Parliament at Frankfort. 

 His advanced ago prevented him, since 18S8, 

 from any arduous labors. 



EtSFOBMED CHURCH. I. REFORMED 

 OHITKCII ix AMERIOA. The General Synod of 

 t his Church met at New Brunswick, \. J., Juno 

 4th. The Rev. A. P. Van Gilsen, D.D., was 

 chosen president. On the first day of the ses- 

 sion the synod as a body participated formally 

 in tho exercises connected with the dedication 

 of the James Snydam Hall of tho theological 

 seminary at New Brunswick, and with tho 

 unveiling of tho statue of tho lato James Sny- 

 dam, the founder of the hall. The corner-stone 

 of the Gardner A. Sage Library was also laid 

 in connection with this occasion. The library 

 building is to bo fire-proof, with a capacity for 

 100,1100 volumes, and will be made the depos- 

 itory of the archives of the General Synod. 



Mr. Nicholas W. Vedder, of Utica, N. Y., had 

 offered to the General Synod the sum of $100,- 

 000 as the foundation of a lectureship, to bo 



