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ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



Fernandez, Archbishop of Valencia; Maxi- 

 milian voti Tarnoczv, Archbishop of Sal/.hurg, 

 Austria; John vi>n Simor, Archbishop ol'Stri- 

 gonia, and Primato of Hungary; Ignazio do 

 Nascimento Moraes Cardoso. Patriarch of the 

 Indies, and Archbishop of Lisbon; Father Ca- 

 inillus Turqiiini, a Jesuit, who died soon after; 

 Thomas Martinelli, an Augustinian. 



Among the eminent persons connected with 

 the Catholic Church who died in 1878 wore 

 Cardinals Hilliat, Cuesta, and Milcsi Fcrrctti; 

 F. John Merlini, General of the Missionaries of 

 the Precious Blood ; F. Jerome Kaysoewicz, 

 General of the Order of the Resurrection, 



Bishop Reinkens was born in the manufactur- 

 ing town of Burtscheid, near Aix-la-('liapellc, 

 on March 1, 1821. In order to support his 

 aged father, who had lost his entire property, 

 he entered, with one of his brothers, as work- 

 ing-man, a spinning-factory of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

 Three years later he was able to begin a course 

 of study at a gymnasium, which ho rapidly 

 finished. From 1844 to 1847 he studied, at 

 the University of Bonn, theology and philolo- 

 gy. After being ordained a priest at Cologne, 

 in 1848, he received, in 1850, the degree of 

 Doctor of Divinity, and in tho same year was 

 called by Bishop Diepenbrock to Breslau, 

 where ho became a lecturer on church his- 

 tory at the university, and in 1852 second 

 cathedral preacher, 1858 extraordinary, and 

 1857 ordinary Professor of Theology. After 

 the death of Bishop Diepenbrock he resigned, 

 in 1858, his office as cathedral preacher. In 

 the conflict which, in 1860, began between 

 Bishop F5rster, the successor of Dlepenbrook, 

 and the liberal professor, Baltzer, Reinkens 

 sided with the latter, and from this time the 

 strictly Catholic party in Germany regarded 

 him as a dangerous representative of a theo- 

 logical liberalism. When tho movement against 

 tho Vatican Council and the doctrine of papal 

 infallibility began in Germany, Reinkens at 

 once took a prominent part in it. His first 

 work on the subject, entitled " Papst und 

 Papstthum nach der Zeichnuugdes heil. Bern- 

 hard von Clairvanx" ("Pope and Popcdoin. 

 M described by 8t. Bernard, of Clairvaiix,'' 

 Mttnstor, 1870), involved him in a disciplinary 

 investigation on the part of tho bishop, who, 

 at that thin-, was in Rome; tho publication of 

 a second work on papal infallibility ("Ueber 

 Piwtlicho t'nfolilbarkcit," Munich.' 1H70). the 

 bishop endeavored to prevent, with tho cooper- 

 ation of the Pmasian Minister <>l Kdncation. 



On August 26th and 'JTth, ls;o, Keinkens 

 took part in a meeting of Catholic prole 

 which wai held under tho presidency of I ><">llin- 

 ger, at Nuremberg, and which issued a declara- 

 tion against the doctrine of papal infallibility. 

 The Hi-Imp of lire-dan, on that account, sus- 

 pended him, and forbade tho student-' to attend 

 his theological lecture-. From that time Uein- 

 ken* nearly his whole energy to the 



promotion of the < >ld Catholic movement. At 

 the first Old Catholic Congress, held in Munich 



in September, 1871, he made an address on na- 

 tionality and Catholicity ; at tin- (.'undress of 

 Cologne, held in September, 1872, he mail 

 report of a special committee on the relation 

 of the Old Catholics to other t'liri-tian denomi- 

 nations. From the I'niversity of Lci|ic lie 

 n-eeived, in February, 1871, tho honorary title, 

 of Doctor of Philosophy. Soon after bis rec- 

 ognition by the Emperor, the Govern ! 

 of Maden and Hesso also recognized him as 

 "Catholic bishop." Immediately after his 

 consecration as bishop, he issued a pastoral 

 letter to the Old Catholic conuTeiratiotis of 

 Germany, and subsequently (l>ecember Mth) 

 lie replied, by a second pastoral letter, to the 

 Papal Encyclical of November 21st. Bishop 

 Reinkens is the author of a number of works 

 relating to Church history and philosophy, 

 tho most important of which are the follow- 

 ing : " De Clemente Presbytero Alexandrine " 

 -Ian, 1851); '-Ililar'itis von Poitiers " 

 (Schaffhausen, 1864); " Die Einsiedler des heil> 

 Hioronymus" (Schatl'hauscn, 1864); " I>ie 

 Gechichtsphilosophio des heil. Augustinus" 

 (Schaffhansen, 1860); "Martin von Tours" 

 (Breslau, 1806); '" Aristoteles iib.-r K 

 besonders fiber Trairodie" (Vienna. 1870). On 

 the question of papal infallibility he published, 

 besides tho works already mentioned, sis es- 

 says, under the title "Die papstlichen De- 

 crete von 18 Juli, 1870" (Munich. 1*71 i. 



Count MIECISLAV LEDOOHOWSKI, Archbishop 

 of Posen and Gnesen, a scion of an old noble 

 Polish family, and eldest son of Connt J<- 

 Ledochowski, who died on November i> I, 

 was born on October 29, 1822. After having 

 been ordained a priest, he gained at Koine the 

 confidence of tho Pope to so high a d 

 that, in 1861, he was appointed Archbishop of 

 Thebes inpartikut infi'trl'mm, and in isii'J was 

 sent as papal nuncio to Uelirium. His election 

 as Archbishop of Posen and (iticsen in 

 was not only highly acceptable to Home, but 

 also to the Prussian Government, which was 

 believed to have received assurances from the, 

 new archbishop that he would not use his 

 episcopal influence for strengthening the na- 

 tional Polish movement, which ultimately aims 

 at a separation of tho Polish districts from 

 Prussia and tho restoration of an independent 

 Poland. For several years the good under- 

 standing between the archbishop and the Prus- 

 sian Government continued, mid several of his 

 pastoral letters, which enjoined obedience to 

 the lawful government, were severely criticised 



and denoui d by tho Polish nationalists. At 



the beginning of 1871 lie went to the headquar- 

 ters of the nc-.v Emperor of Germany at Ver- 

 sailles in order to present to the Emperor a pe- 

 tition of the cathedral chapter- of (im-sen and 

 Posen in behalf of tho restoration of the tem- 

 poral power of the Pope. As the petition 

 was not granted, the relations of the nrcli- 

 ;> to tho Prussian tJoi-crnment ceased. 

 He showed himself an nnco'npromising cham- 

 pion of tho claims of the Catholic Church. 



