EOSELIUS, CHRISTIAN. 



RUSSIA. 



699 



ROSELIUS, OUBISTIAN, LL.D., a distinguished 

 jurist, was born in Bremen, Germany, August 

 15, 1802; died in New Orleans, September 5, 

 1873. In his boyhood he emigrated to Louis- 

 iana as a redemptioner ; that is, he secured his 

 passage by selling his services for a stated term 

 of years. This lad, poor and friendless in a 

 strange land, worked his way upward with 

 indomitable will. He became remarkable for 

 his literary and classical attainments. His 

 speeches, whether delivered in French, Ger- 

 man, or English, were equally correct, and even 

 eloquent. While pursuing the occupation of 

 a printer, he studied law, and sought the foun- 

 dations of jurisprudence in the works of Jus- 

 tinian and the Corpus Juris Civilin. He ac- 

 quired readily a thorough knowledge of Latin, 

 and it was from the sources of law that his 

 mastery over the science was so effectual. His 

 life at the bar is written in the reports of the 

 State Supreme Court. Rising from the modest 

 position of a junior attorney, as those talents of 

 such a high order became appreciated, he early 

 took a rank among those more advanced in 

 years and very soon was the acknowledged peer 

 of Grymes, Mazureau, SoulC, Livingston, and 

 other brilliant members of the bar, who were his 

 contemporaries. For many years he was Dean 

 of the Faculty of the University of Louisiana, 

 and was Professor of Civil Law in that institu- 

 tion at the time of his death. He was elected 

 to the Secession Convention, and refused to 

 sign that ordinance. Being one of the few 

 members of the bar who had been an unwav- 

 ering Unionist, General Hurlbut, while in com- 

 mand at New Orleans offered him the highest 

 position on the reconstructed Supreme bench. 

 He declined the appointment because the gen- 

 eral refused to assure him that the court should 

 be exempt from military interference. 



ROUGE, OLIVIER CHARLES CAMILLE EM- 

 MANUEL, Viscount de, a French archaeologist, 

 and member of the Institute of France, born 

 in Paris, April 11, 1811 ; died in that city, 

 January 25, 1873. He was of an old Breton 

 family, and was destined by his father for a 

 legal and political career, but the Revolution of 

 1830 having lost his father his official position, 

 the son returned to the ancestral estates in 

 Anjon, and busied himself for some time with 

 agricultural pursuits. His taste for philologi- 

 cal pursuits brought him often to Paris. lie 

 studied Hebrew and Arabic before he became 

 interested in the hieroglyphic inscriptions, but, 

 once attracted by them, he gave himself up 

 wholly to Egyptian studies, and during more 

 tlmn eight years pursued his investigations of 

 hieroglyphic inscriptions without any connec- 

 tion with the world of scholars who were in- 

 terested in the same study. In 1844-'45 his 

 first publications on these subjects attracted 

 the attention of Letronneand Biot, and he was 

 soon in communication with these and other 

 philologists. As one of the editors of the 

 Archaeological Review, M. de Rouge presented 

 to the Academy of Inscriptions in 1850 an in- 



terpretation of an hieroglyphic funeral inscrip- 

 tion, which was the most lucid of all the at- 

 tempts at deciphering these inscriptions, and 

 led to his election as a member of the Institute, 

 in 1853, when he succeeded Pardessus. In 

 1849 he was appointed superintendent of the 

 Egyptian Museum in the Louvre. In 1854 he 

 became a member of the Council of State in 

 the Section of the Interior and of Public In- 

 struction, and not long after succeeded Charles 

 Lenormant as Professor of Archaeology in the 

 College of France. He was created an officer 

 in the Legion of Honor in August, 1862. 

 Though ranking among the ablest Egyptolo- 

 gists, not only in France, but in Europe, the 

 Viscount de Rouge was not a prolific writer. 

 He had published an "Egyptian Chrestoma- 

 thy," with a French translation of the test, 

 and many monographs on archaeological and 

 philological topics in the Transactions of the 

 Institute, and in the Archaeological Review. 



RUSSIA (Empire of all the Russias), an em- 

 pire in Europe and Asia. Emperor, Alexan- 

 der II., born April 17 (April 29, new style), 

 1818; succeeded his father, February 18 

 (March 2), 1855 ; crowned at Moscow, August 

 26 (September 7), 1856. Sons of the Emperor : 

 1. Heir-apparent, Grand-duke Alexander, born 

 February 26 (March 10), 1845 ; married No- 

 vember 4, 1866, to Maria Dagmar (born No- 

 vember, 26, 1847), daughter of King Christian 

 IX., of Denmark. (Offspring of the union are 

 two sons: Nicholas, born May 6, 1868; and 

 George, born April 28, 1871.) 2. Grand-duke 

 Vladimir, born April 10, 1847. 3. Grand-duke 

 Alexis, born January 2, 1850. 4. Grand-duke 

 Sergius, April 29, 1857. 5. Grand-duke Paul, 

 born September 1, 1860. 



The Council of the Empire, which has to 

 superintend the general administration of af- 

 fairs, and proposes alterations whenever ne- 

 cessary, consisted in 1873 of thirty-one mem- 

 bers, exclusive of the ministers who have a 

 seat ex officio, and of the princes of the impe- 

 rial house, who can claim the right to be present 

 at the deliberations. The president, in 1873, 

 was the Grand-duke Constantine, the brother 

 of the Emperor. This Council is divided into 

 three departments, namely, of Legislation, of 

 Civil Administration, and of Finance. The 

 first department is presided over by Prince 

 Urussov, the second by Prince Peter of 

 Oldenburg, the third by General Tchef- 

 kin. The Senate (directing Senate), whi*h is 

 the high-court of justice for the empire, con- 

 trolling all inferior tribunals, and examining 

 into the state of public revenue and expendi- 

 ture, and having power to appoint to a great 

 variety of offices, and to make remonstrances 

 to the Emperor, is divided into seven (before 

 1809 into eight) sections or committees, of 

 which five sit in Petersburg and two in Mos- 

 cow. In the plenum, or general meeting of 

 the sections, the Minister of Justice takes the 

 chair, as high procurator for the Emperor. The 

 Holy Synod, established by Peter I., in 1721, 



