SANDERS, GEORGE N. 



701 



event in the history of Russia during the year 

 1873. (See KHIVA.) 



In April, 1873, the Minister of Public Instruc- 

 tion presented to the Council of the Empire a 

 draft prepared by a special commission, ac- 

 cording to which 4,373 schools were to be es- 

 tablished in the thirteen governments where 

 thus far the provincial institutions had not 

 commenced operations. 



On April 3d, a new postal treaty between 

 Russia and France was ratified by the repre- 

 sentatives of both Governments at St. Peters- 

 burg. 



Toward the close of April the Emperor of 

 Germany paid a visit to his nephew, Emperor 

 Alexander. He met with a most cordial and 

 enthusiastic reception not only on the part of 

 the entire imperial family, but also on the part 

 of the masses of the population. Even papers 

 like the Qazette, of Moscow, and the Goloi, 

 which formerly suspected Bismarck of an in- 

 tention to annex the Baltic provinces to Ger- 

 many, and strongly sympathized with France, 

 now expressed themselves in a very sympa- 

 thetic manner respecting both the Emperor 

 and the German people. 



The Shah of Persia arrived, on board of a 

 Russian war-steamer, at Astrakhan, on May 

 15th. On May 18th he arrived at Moscow, 

 where he remained two days. In St. Peters- 

 burp, he met, on May 22d, with a warm re- 

 ception on the part of the Emperor and the 

 Grand-dukes, and attracted general attention 

 by his brilliant diamonds. After staying a few 

 days, the Shah left for Berlin. Negotiations 

 were begun between the representatives of 

 Russia and Persia for anew commercial treaty, 

 which was formally concluded on September 

 10th. 



In June the official papers of the Russian 

 Government announced that no Russian lady 

 who, after January 1, 1874, continued to hear 



lectures at the Swiss University of Zurich, 

 would, after her return to Russia, be allowed 

 to exercise any profession for which the au- 

 thorization of the Government is required, nor 

 have access to any examination, or any Rus- 

 sian institution. The number of young Rus- 

 sian ladies studying at Zurich has been stead- 

 ily on the increase for about ten years, and in 

 1873 amounted to one hundred and eight, while 

 the number of lady students from all other 

 countries was only twenty. The great majority 

 of these students has become imbued with 

 socialistic ideas, and takes an active part in the 

 socialistic agitations of the day. 



The Russian Government in Octobermadea 

 new arrangement with the Porte, according 

 to which all the Russian residents of Turkey, 

 even if they acquire landed estates, shall retain 

 the immunity conceded to them by former 

 treaties with regard to their persons, dwellings, 

 and movable property. The Russian ambassa- 

 dor in Constantinople, General Ignatiev, ex- 

 pressed, on this and other occasions, the most 

 intimate friendship for the Government of Tur- 

 key, and the same sentiments were expressed 

 by the official press of Russia, which even 

 blamed Austria for being too oatentatious in 

 the defense of the persecuted Christians of 

 Bosnia. 



Toward the close of the year, the Russian 

 Government concluded a new treaty with the 

 Khan of Bokhara, according to which the lat- 

 ter received the territory on the right bank of 

 the Amoo Darya, which the Khan of Khiva 

 had ceded to Russia ; he engaged in his turn 

 to open the whole land to free commercial 

 intercourse with Russia, to abolish slavery, and 

 to authorize the Russians not only to carry on 

 trades, but also to purchase landed property. 

 The Emir of Bokhara will keep a resident am- 

 bassador in Tashkend, and a Russian ambassa- 

 dor will reside in Bokhara. 



SANDERS, GEOROE NICHOLAS, a noted pol- 

 itician and diplomatist, born in Lexington, 

 Ky., February 21, 1812; died in New York 

 City, August 12, 1873. Eis family were well 

 known and esteemed throughout the South and 

 West. His grandfather, Colonel George Nich- 

 olas, after whom he was named, proposed the 

 State Rights resolutions of 1798, and was the 

 successful advocate of the adoption of the Fed- 

 eral Constitution by Virginia, the opposition 

 to which was led by Patrick Henry. George 

 N. Sanders early entered political life and ren- 

 dered effective aid as a speaker in the Demo- 

 cratic campaigns. One of his first political 

 ai^ts was the organization of a mass meeting 

 in favor of the annexation of Texas. For his 

 services during the Pierce campaign he was 

 rewarded with the lucrative position of United 

 States consul at Liverpool, England. Presi- 



dent Buchanan appointed him Navy Agent at 

 New York. In the campaign of 1860 he sup- 

 ported Mr. Douglas for the presidency. He 

 sympathized with the South during the civil 

 war, and was engaged with Mason, Slidell, and 

 others, in endeavoring to secure the recognition 

 of the Confederacy by England, France, and 

 other European powers. In July, 1864, Mr. 

 Sanders, with C. C. Clay, of Alabama, and 

 James P. Holcomb, of Virginia, representing the 

 South, entered into negotiations at Niagara 

 Falls with Mr. Greeley, who had consulted 

 with President Lincoln, for a treaty of peace 

 between the two contending sections. No sat- 

 isfactory conclusion was reached, and the ne- 

 gotiations were broken off. At the close 

 of the war Mr. Sanders came to the City 

 of New York, and had resided there till his 

 death. 



