712 



SPAIN. 



Bat it it in its commerce that Charleston 

 ranks highest, and, in this respect, the growth 

 of the city since the war has been remarkable. 

 It is the nearest of the important Southern 

 ports to the Northern cities, and is the first 

 harbor having ample room, and good anchor- 

 age, reached by southward-bound vessels on the 

 long stretch from the Chesapeake. It is the 

 principal shipping-port of the State and neigh- 

 boring country. The most important article 

 of export is cotton. In the extent of this 

 trade, Charleston ranks next to New York and 

 New Orleans. 



The total foreign exports for the year ending 

 July 1, 1873, were $14,200,801, against $10,- 

 933,430 for the previous year, an increase of 

 $3,267,871. The total exporto of all kinds 

 amounted to about $40,000,000. 



Tlie manufacture of fertilizers from the valu- 

 able beds of marl and phosphate rocks in the 

 vicinity has, since 1868, been developed into 

 one of the most important industries in the 

 city. In 1878 there were six factories in and 



near the city, employing a capital of $400,000. 



In runiii'i'tion with this business the manufaet- 

 nre of sulphuric acid is extensively carried on. 

 The exports of crude phosphates in 1873 

 amounted to 27,403 tons to domestic, and 

 2,486 tons to foreign, ports, while :20,0oo tons 

 were used by Charleston companies in the 

 manufacture of fertilizers, making the total re- 

 (!]. is in the city 40,838 tons. In addition to 

 this amount, 29,365 tons were exported from 

 Bull River and Port Royal, making a grand 

 total, exported, and consumed in the Stii: 

 79,203 tons. The shipments of manufactured 

 fertilizers in 1873 reached 56,298 tons, of which 

 about 88,000 were manufactured in and near 

 Charleston, the companies making their own 

 acids. 



SPAIN, a republic of Southern Europe. 

 President, at the close of the year 1873, Emilio 

 Castelar. Spain is divided into forty-nine 

 provinces, which, according to the most relia- 

 ble statements, had the following area and pop- 

 ulation in 1870 : 



The area and population of the foreign colo- 

 nies are as follows : 



In the budget for 1872-'73, the revenue was 

 estimated at 588,000,000 pesetas (1 peseta= 

 19.3 cents); the expenditures at 627,000,000 

 pesetas; the deficit at 38,000,000 pesetas. 

 The public debt amounted, on December 31, 

 1871, to 7,433.000.000 pesetas; the interest 

 on the nominal capital of the debt to 202,000,- 

 000 pesetas. In Mny. 1 s73, the debt was esti- 

 mated at 7,830.000,000 pesetas. 



The army of Spain was reorganized, in 1868, 

 alter the model of that of France. Under 

 the new military law, which crime partly 

 into operation in August, 1868, the armed 

 forces of Spain consisted of 1. The perma- 

 nent army. 2. The first or active reserve. 

 8. The second or sedentary reserve. Since 

 then the laws on the organization of the army 

 have been repeatedly modified, and further 

 changes were expected. A law of September 



