TURKEY. 



743 



1841; "The Young Man," 1843; "Simple 

 Sketches," 2 vols., 1843; "Stories on the 

 Shorter Catechism," 2 vols., 1850; "Summer 

 Gleanings," 1852; " The Daughter at School," 

 1854; "The Angels of the Iceherg," 1857; 

 " Future Punishment," 1863 ; " Mountain 

 Gems," 1864; "Sketches and Incidents," 

 1866; "Polished Diamonds," 1866; "Hints 

 and Thoughts for Christians," 1867 ; " Ser- 

 pents in the Dove's Nest," 1867 ; " Woman's 

 Rights," 1867; "Mountain Flowers," 1869; 

 "The Sunset Land," 1869; "Old-Fashioned 

 Lives," 1870. 



TURKEY, an empire in Eastern Europe, 

 Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Reign- 

 ing sovereign, Sultan Abdul-Aziz, born Feb- 

 ruary 9, 1830 ; succeeded to the throne at the 

 death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Med- 

 jid, June 25, 1861. Sons of the Sultan : 1. 

 Yussuf Izzeddin Effendi ; born October 9, 

 1857 ; 2. Mahmoud Djemol Eddin Effendi, 

 born November 20, 1862 ; 3. Mehemed Selim 

 Effendi, born Octobers, 1866; 4. Abdul-Med- 

 jid, born June 27, 1868. As the crown, ac- 

 cording to the present law, is inherited, not by 

 the oldest son of the Sultan, but according to 

 seniority by the male descendants of Othman, 

 sprung from the imperial harem, the heir ap- 

 parent to the throne is at present not the 

 eldest son of the Sultan, but Murad, the son 

 of Abdul-Medjid. The harem is considered 

 a permanent state institution, and all chil- 

 dren born in it, whether offspring of free 

 women or slaves, are legitimate and of equal 

 lineage. The civil list of the Sultan was report- 

 ed in the budget for 1872-'73 to be 261,773 

 purses(l purse=$21.95). Added to this amount 

 in the budget for!872-'73 was the sum of 114,- 

 680 purses for imperial pensions and charities. 

 The actual expenditure of the imperial court 

 is not officially reported ; but it is calculated 

 on good authority to have been about $21,- 

 600,000 annually in recent years, with a ten- 

 dency to considerably increase. 



The area and population of Turkey are va- 

 riously estimated. The Austria, of Vienna, in 

 its number of June 7, 1873, published recent 

 dates which were furnished by an attache of 

 the Austrian embassy, Major von Helle, to the 

 Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The fig- 

 ures relating to the area are based on new 

 planimetrical calculations, made by Major von 

 Ilrlle. and those relating to the population 

 are taken by him from official reports of 1871. 

 According to Miijor von Helle, the possessions 

 of Turkey, in Europe, Asia, and Africa have 

 the following area and population : 



cities is, according to the recent estimates, not 

 so large as was formerly assumed. Constan- 

 tinople is believed to have no more than 800,- 

 000 to 400,000; Adrianople, 50,000 ; Salonica, 

 50,000 ; Gallipoli, 50,000 ; Philipopel, 50,000 ; 

 Serayevo, 46,000, Sofia, 22,000. Of the towns 

 in Asiatic Turkey, Smyrna has 150,000 ; Da- 

 mascus, 120,000, Beyroot, 100,000; Broussa, 

 100,000; Erzeroom, 100,000; Aleppo, 100,000; 

 Bagdad, 40,000 ; Jerusalem, 25,000. 



For the year ending February 28, 1873, the 

 revenues were estimated at 4,127,442 purses; 

 the expenditures at 4,280,890. The debt was 

 estimated at 3,668,100,000 francs, composed as 

 follows: 1. Loans contracted from 1854 to 

 1871, 1,511,375,000; 2. Loan of 1872, 250,000,- 

 000; 3. Home debt, 1,681,710,557; 4. Floating 

 debt, 225,000,000. In July, 1873, a new loan 

 of 30 000,000 was contracted. 



According to a law of June 22, 1869, and 

 later decrees, the reorganization of the army 

 is to be completed in 1878. It is to consist of 

 700,000 men, divided into the active army 

 (about 150,000) ; the first reserve (70,000 men), 

 the second reserve and the sedentary army 

 (corresponding to the German landsturm). 

 The irregular troops are calculated to consist 

 of 1. Kavas, or gendarmes on foot; seymens, 

 or mounted gensdarmes and county militia as 

 soubechis, 30,000 men; 2. Tartars of Dobrodja 

 and Asia Minor, 5,000 ; 3. Hungarian or Polish 

 volunteers, 2,000; Moslem volunteers, 50,000 ; 

 total of irregulars, 87,000. The war navy, in 

 June, 1872, consisted of 18 iron-clads(5 frigates, 

 15 corvettes, and 55 dispatch and gunboats). 

 Fournew iron-dads were in course of construc- 

 tion in Great Britain. In addition to these 

 there were four steam-transports, and a number 

 of old sailing-vessels, not fit for service. The 

 navy was manned by 30,000 sailors and 4,000 

 marine troops. 



There are no official returns regarding the 

 foreign commerce of the Turkish Empire. The 

 average imports of European Turkey during the 

 years 1868-'70 (exclusive of the dependencies) 

 were estimated at 18,500,000 ; and the ex- 

 ports at 10,000,000. The reports of the 

 Austrian consuls furnish the following data 

 on the imports and exports of the principal 

 ports, in florins (1 florin = $0.48) : 



The population of the principal Turkish 



