110 



CHEMISTRY. 



and the active properties were entirely de- 

 stroyed. The conclusion that the active agent 

 in turpentine exposed to light is hydrate of 

 terpene oxide receives confirmation from sun- 

 dry other of its reactions. 



Do Plants liberate Ozone? The supposed 

 liberation of ozone by plants was tested by 

 J. Belluci in a series of experiments which are 

 given in detail in the Comptes JRendus. M. Bel- 

 luci passed air containing T fg- of its volume of 

 carbonic anhydride for six hours, in the day- 

 time, through a glass tube, part of which was 

 covered with black paper, into a receiver in- 

 closing living plants, whence it issued by a 

 second tube. In each of the tubes were placed 

 two ozonoscopic papers. Now, it appears that 

 the papers in the dark parts of both tubes were 

 quite unaltered ; and the change in the others 

 could only be produced by ozone existing in 

 the air which traversed the apparatus. The 

 intensity of coloration of the paper exposed to 

 light in the second tube almost exactly corre- 

 sponded to that of the paper in the illuminated 

 part of the first tube ; thus excluding the sup- 

 position that the chemical activity of the air 

 was due to ozone produced by the plants. The 

 author thinks M. Cloez's view confirmed, ac- 

 cording to which the combined action of humid 

 oxygen and solar light accounts for the colora- 

 tion of iodized starch-paper, independent of 

 ozone. 



Experiments made by Emanuel Schone, of 

 the Berlin Chemical Society, on the relations 

 of ozone to water, gave the following results : 



1. Ozone is partially destroyed by passing 

 through water. If dry, ozonized oxygen is 

 simply collected over water, the ozone present 

 is diminished by about 25 per cent. If passed 

 through water for a longer time the loss of 

 ozone is greater. The loss is the more consid- 

 erable the longer the gas is in contact with the 

 water, and the greater the surface exposed. 



2. Ozone is absorbed by water in a considera- 

 ble degree, even at the ordinary temperature 

 of the atmosphere. 3. On passing dry ozonized 

 oxygen through water much more ozone dis- 

 appears than is absorbed by the water. The 

 decrease of the proportion of ozone is, there- 

 fore, only very slightly determined by absorp- 

 tion, but must be considered as a consequence 

 of the destructive action of water. 4. Ozone 

 does not convert water into peroxide of hydro- 

 gen. As regards the loss of ozone in ozonized 

 oxygen gas on standing for a longer or shorter 

 time in contact with water, the author con- 

 cludes : 1. If ozonized oxygen is left in contact 

 with water, the ozone is gradually converted 

 into ordinary oxygen. In three days the ori- 

 ginal proportion of ozone is reduced to one- 

 half, and in fifteen days mere traces of ozone 

 remain. 2. The transformation of ozone into 

 oxygen in contact with water, and at common 

 temperatures, is attended with an increase of 

 bulk. 



Regarding the production of ozone by the 

 agency of phosphorus, R. Lament states that 



when phosphorus oxidizes in air, forming the 

 pentoxides, it combines with 1 molecule of 

 oxygen and part of another, splitting up the 

 latter so that 1 of its atoms combines with a 

 molecule (0-0) forming ozone (0-0-0). 



Improved Process in Calico - Printing. 

 Owing to the expense attending the use of 

 specially prepared back-cloths in calico-print- 

 ing, a cheap substitute in the shape of un- 

 bleached pieces of cloth, rejected for printing 

 after the singeing process, is now commonly 

 employed. But with the introduction of 

 aniline black it was found that these could be 

 used but once, the color soiling the piece so as 

 to prevent its being completely cleansed by the 

 subsequent bleaching operation, and also in- 

 juring the strength of the cloth. To meet 

 these difficulties, A. Kielmeyer resorts to the 

 following course of procedure : 



I have used now for some time with advantage the 

 aluminate of soda, which is to be obtained easily and 

 cheaply, and I use it thickened to a pap with dark- 

 burnt starch to print aniline black. The alkaline 

 portion of this print-color acts with aniline black aa 

 an etching-ground, for, with the alkaline reaction, a 

 development of the black is impossible : at the same 

 time, where the black and aluminate of soda come 

 in contact, solid hydrate of alumina separates out 

 and acts thus as a preservative by cutting oif any di- 

 rect contact of the black with the cotton-fibres. It 

 is evident that this preservative with aniline black, 

 under proper combination and treatment, muy per- 

 form a third function that of a red mordant. liut 

 I confine myself now to pointing out how the above 

 considerations on aluminate of soda rnay be utilized 

 on a large scale for preparing the unbleached calico 

 to serve as back-cloth for imprinting aniline black ; 

 while I add, at the same time, that experiments for 

 printing such goods with carbonate or acetate of 

 soda have not served the purpose. Both salts act 

 by their alkalinity as a check upon the development 

 of aniline black, but they cannot act also as preserv- 

 atives ; they cannot prevent a portion of the color 

 which penetrates through the print from being de- 

 posited on the cotton-fibres of the underlayer, and 

 developing to a full black. 



The unbleached goods destined to serve as back- 

 ing for aniline -black, after the singeing process, are 

 passed twice through a cold solution of aluminate 

 of soda at 4 to 5 Baume 1 . The goods are allowed 

 to lie unrolled for two hours, so that the aluminate 

 of soda may be spread as uniformly as possible 

 through the texture, and then dried on the cylinder. 

 A piece of 50 metres consumes 5 kilos, of aluminate 

 of soda, and, for such as shirt-patterns, may serve 

 two or three times as underlayer. Then it is washed 

 with the remaining unbleached pieces which have 

 served as backing for other print-colors before the 

 actual bleaching, placed in muriatic acid at 2" 

 Baum6, and once more washed. After this proced- 

 ure, for the remainder has been for a long while 

 adopted in manufactories, only the operation of 

 priming still remains to be estimated, and this should 

 certainly not amount to more than the various ma- 

 nipulations of cleaning the old expressly woven. 

 For heavy patterns, such as stripes, the prepared 

 cloth can only serve once as backing, and for very 

 heavy goods, such as cloths with aniline black 

 ground, the priming liquid should be taken at 10 

 Bannae". 



After bleaching these pieces, not the slightest mark 

 of the black pattern is seen, to which they served as 

 underlayer, not even on the borders ; the white is 

 as clear as on other bleached pieces, and my first 

 fear, that hydrate of alumina might remain behind 

 on the texture, and afterward produce some color- 



