GABLENTZ, BARON. 



GEIGER, ABRAHAM. 



335 



slack without heating it or drying it previ- 



. 'I'h- iiL-Nt'ir.- u liidi it contains varies 

 \vitll the state of the atmosphere. Therefore 

 I urn compelled to regulate the supply of lime- 

 water accordingly. The difficulty of ascer- 

 taining the state of -the materials inside tho 



; suggested the idea of placing sliding 



- around it. These doors facilitate tho 

 cleaning if tho mixer and the removal of 

 stun,-, up pieces of iron which aro found quite 

 often in tin- coal-dust. 



I'll.' pressure should be applied gradually in 

 order to expel, as much as possible, the moist- 

 ure contained in the mixture, and avoid cracks, 

 which aro the unavoidable result of a sudden 



ure. An excess of compression spoils the 

 fuel, prevents its free burning, and makes the 

 ashes adhere to the surface of the lump, in- 

 stead of falling through the grato into the ash- 

 pan. The fuel must be sufficiently compressed 

 to bear transportation and reasonable han- 

 dling, and bo still porous enough to insure free 

 cnnitiustion. The shape of the fuel is also of 

 great importance. Square lumps have too 

 many sharp edges, which break off easily when 

 the coal is handled ; and tho flat surfaces, 



meeting very often in the fire, prevent the free 

 access of tho air. Cylindrical-shaped lump* 

 are better, still they havo sharp edges left. 

 Round or egg-shaped lumps aro evidently to 

 ho preferred. It requires less power than id 

 required to compress square ones of tho same 

 weight, as there are no corners to fill, and, as 

 a result, less friction. With round or egg- 

 .slmped lumps, no matter what amount of coal 

 is piled on tho fire, there is always sufficient 

 space betwoen tho lumps to secure a good 

 draught, and to allow a free access for a good 

 supply of oxygen. 



For these reasons I have adopted tho egg- 

 shaped form, slightly flattened, and have modi- 

 fled Baudry's and Martin's presses, in order to 

 obtain more and better products. 



To render the fuel impervious to moisture, 

 instead of mixing a resinous substance with 

 the materials, tho lumps are simply dipped 

 into a liquid composed of rosin dissolved in 

 crude benzine. By exposure to a current of 

 air, tho benzine evaporates and leaves each 

 lump coated with a thin film of rosin, which 

 closes all the interstices, and renders the fuel 

 water-proof. 



GABLENTZ, LUDWIO KARL WILHKLM, Bar- 

 on VON, a Field-Marshal of the Austrian Army, 

 an Austrian soldier and diplomatist, born at 

 .len:i, Juno 19, 1814; died by his own hand at 

 Zurich, Switzerland, January 29, 1874. He 

 entered in his youth the Saxon cavalry, and 

 served in it for many years, but previous to 

 1848 entered the Austrian service. He was 

 on the staff of Radetzky in tho Italian cam- 

 paign of 1848, distinguished himself at Cus- 

 tozza, and was appointed soon after chief of 

 staff. He took a brilliant part in the Hunga- 

 rian War. After the close of this war he was 

 employed on several political and diplomatic 

 missions. His military promotion was some- 

 what rapid, though earned by his gallant con- 

 duct. He liad passed through all the grades 

 from major to major-general before 1854, 

 when he was in command of a brigade in tho 

 army of occupation in the Danubian provinces. 

 From this he was transferred, in 1857, to a 

 larger command in the Lombardo-Venetian 

 Kingdom. He fought with bravery and dis- 

 tinction both at Magenta and Solferino, was 

 promoted to the command of a division on the 

 field of battle, defended Cnpriana, and covered 

 the retreat of the Austrian army. In 1863 

 hs was made lieutenant field-marshal. IIo 

 commanded the Sixth Array Corps in the inva- 

 sion of Holstein in 186i, but with no great suc- 

 cess. In the. seven weeks' German War of 

 1866 he was in command at first of the Tenth 

 Army Corps, and at Sadowa of the Eighth and 

 Tenth, but met with a disastrous defeat from 

 the second Prussian army. In July, 1869, he 



was appointed commander-in-chief in Hungary, 

 and remained there till the failure of his 

 health, when he visited Zurich in hopes of its 

 improvement, but, in a fit of either melancholy 

 or mania, put an end to his life. 



GEIGER, ABRAIIAM, Ph. D., a Jewish rabbi, 

 scholar, and author, born at Frankfort-on-the- 

 Main, May 24, 1810 ; died at Berlin, November 

 13, 1874. He received his early education 

 from his father and elder brother, and subse- 

 quently pursued his studies at the Universities 

 of Heidelberg and Bonn. In 1832 ho was 

 called as rabbi to the small Israelite commu- 

 nity at Wiesbaden ; in 1838 he was chosen as- 

 sessor to the rabbinat at Breslau, and some- 

 what later elected rabbi of that flourishing 

 community of Israelites. With a much broader 

 culture than is usual among Jewish scholars, 

 Dr. Geiger possessed also an independent and 

 fearless spirit, and his publications urging the 

 necessity of reforms and the absurdity of some 

 of tho old religious usages of the Israelites won 

 for him in about equal numbers earnest sympa- 

 thizers and violent opposers. To conciliate 

 his opponents and to bring about harmony 

 among the leaders of Jewish thought, ho 

 initiated a series of conferences of tho rabbis, 

 of which the first was held at Brunswick in 

 1844, a second at Frankfort three years later, 

 of which he was one of tho vice-presidents; 

 and a later one at Breslau, over which he 

 presided. The influence of these conferences 

 upon the rabbis has been very great. Dr. 

 Geiger had also been active as a writer both 

 in defense of his views and on topics of general 



