GERMANY. 



Ml 



hum her. In Prussia, Hauiria, 8ax- 

 Wurt.-iiil'.Tj.', Kack-n, Hesse, Brunswick, 

 . .-ir/lmrg, WaMeck, and Bcuanmbarg-Lip- 

 ni'-ii can succeed after the extinction of 

 the male line ; hut not in the other states. 

 The nuiiiliiT of professors and students at the 

 ,n universities, in 1874, was as follows: 



in all, twenty universities, of which nine are 

 in Prussia, three in Bavaria, two in Baden, one 

 each in Wttrteraberg, Hesse, Saxony, Saxe- 

 '\\Vnnar, Mecklenburg, and Alsace-Lorraine. 

 Sometimes the Academy of Munster, contain- 

 .ing the two faculties of Catholic theology and 

 philosophy, is counted among the German uni- 

 versities. Each university has at least four 

 faculties : theology, philosophy, law, and med- 

 icine. In Breslau, Bonn, and Tubingen, there 

 is a Catholic and a Protestant theological fac- 

 ulty ; Munich, Wurzburg, and Freiburg, have 

 only a faculty of Catholic theology ; the others 

 only of Protestant theology. In Bonn and 

 Munich, some of the professors of Catholic 

 theology are Old Catholics. Munich, Wurz- 

 burf.% and Tubingen have, moreover, a faculty 

 of political economy; and Tubingen one of 

 natural science. 



At the following universities, outside of the 

 Co-man Empire, the German language is ex- 

 clusively or predominantly used, and in the 

 province of literature they may be counted as 

 German universities: 



The German Empire has 10 polytechnic in- 

 stitutes, namely: 2 in Berlin, 1 in Munich, 1 

 in Stuttirart, 1 in Carlsruhe, 1 in Dresden, 1 

 in Hanover, 1 in Aix-la-Chapelle, 1 in Darm- 

 ptit.lt, 1 in Brunswick, with an aggregate of 

 360 teachers and 4,428 students. The num- 



ber of gymnasia in 1871 WM 380 (200 in Prut- 

 sir, 28 in Bavaria, 17 in Saxony, 16 in U (ir- 

 ; in li.-nl.-ii, c> in lluMe, 12 in the 

 Thuringian states, 9 in Mecklenburg, 4 in 

 (il.lnil.iiru', 5 in Brunswick, 4 in Anhalt, 7 in 

 the other German states, exclusive of Alsace- 

 Lorraine) ; of Kealgymuasia 14, of pro-gym- 

 naxia and Latin schools 214, of Realschulen 

 and Mur^iTM'hiili-ii of a higher grade, 485, 

 v\ ith an aggregate number of 177,379 students, 

 of whom 72.6 percent, were Protestants, 18.8 

 per cent. Catholics, and 8.7 per cent. Israelites. 



The budget of the empire for the year 1874, as 

 declared by law of July 4, 1 873, modi6ed by sup- 

 plementary laws of February 18 and April 27, 

 1874, estimates revenue and expenditures each 

 at 449,428,000 reichsmarks (1 reichsmark = 

 23.8 cents). Of the revenue, 67, 186,000 marks 

 are contributions paid by the particular states 

 pro rata of population. After refunding the 

 war loans and the loans made by the North- 

 German Confederation for marine purposes, 

 the debts of the German Empire consist ex- 

 clusively of treasury -notes which may be issued 

 partly for increasing the working capital, and 

 partly for carrying through the monetary re- 

 form. The law of April 20, 1874, provides 

 that the German States are obliged to with- 

 draw up to July 1, 1875, all their paper-money. 

 As a substitute for it, imperial-bank notes to 

 the amount of 120,000,000 marks were to be 

 issued and to be distributed on December 1, 

 1874, among the particular states. 



At the beginning of 1874 the German army 

 consisted of 31,830 officers, 1,329,600 men, 814,- 

 970 horses, 2,700 field-guns, and 820 siege-guns. 

 Of these, the number of troops available for 

 service in the field within six weeks after mo- 

 bilization was (excluding the transport and 

 staff corps) 710,130 men, with 114,850 horses, 

 and 2,082 field-guns. The above figures do not 

 include the fourth battalions, consisting of 8,- 

 400 officers and 152,100 men, which are to be 

 formed in case of war, or the Landsturm to be 

 raised under the new law, submitted to the 

 Reichstag in 1874, and adopted early in 1875, 

 which would bring into the field a force, by 

 the lowest computation, of 3,718 officers and 

 202,500 men. The total force at the disposal 

 of Germany in the event of a war is therefore 

 38,948 officers and 1,684,200 men, excluding 

 the surgeons and the hospital corps, and not 

 taking into account the probability that the 

 estimated force of the Landsturm will be con- 

 siderably exceeded when its members are called 

 upon to take the field. Under the new Land- 

 sturm Bill the Emperor may summon the Land- 

 sturm without requiring the consent of the State 

 Council. To the Emperor alone belongs the 

 right of organizing the new force, which is to 

 be placed under the military code, and the indi- 

 vidual members of which may be drafted into 

 the Landwehr in case of necessity. This means 

 that every able-bodied man in the country is 

 placed at the Emperor's disposal for the reen- 

 forcement of the army in time of war. 



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