GERMANY. 



GRANT, ROBERT E. 



Philip, ut'ter whose death in 1845, and in virtue 

 of .in agreement with his elder brother, Victor, 

 coin-lull.-'! on October 15, 1845, he succeeded, 



-it I -Vlinniry 1'J, Isjf,. as 1'rinco of Hohenlohe- 



>rliil]m_'-fiir*t, and became as such a member 

 uf tin- tir-t Cliuinl'i-r of Havana. On January 

 1 , I -)7, he succeeded Baron von der Pfordten 



ii>ter of Foreign Afl'airs and of the royal 

 lion.-.,-, :n!il an such declared himself to be a 

 decided friend " of a closer union of the Ger- 



states on a basis compatible with the 

 sovereignty of the particular states." As the 



prominent representative of the Soutli- 

 Cermaii LiU-nils, he was elected by the Ger- 

 man Customs Parliament its first vice-presi- 

 On the convocation of the Vatican 

 ('o)mcil, ho endeavored to bring about a coali- 

 tion of European powers for preventing the 

 proclamation of papal infallibility, but the 

 plan failed in consequence of the opposition of 

 France and Austria. He resigned his place in 

 the ministry on March 8, 1870, and on the out- 

 break of the war was a foremost champion of 

 the national war against France, and subse- 

 quently of the restoration of the German Em- 

 pire. The first German Reichstag, in which 

 he belonged to the Liberal Imperial party 

 (Liberale Reiehspartei), a union chiefly of 

 South-German Liberals, elected him first vice- 

 president by a large majority, and in 1874 he 

 was reflected to the same position during the 

 first session of the second Reichstag. In May, 

 . he was appointed by the Emperor as 

 German embassador in Paris. His eldest 

 brother, Victor, Duke of Ratibor, born in 

 1818, is also a member of the German Reichs- 

 tag. Another brother, Gustav, born in 1823, 

 is a cardinal. He was in 1873 appointed Ger- 

 man embassador near the Pope, but not ac- 

 cepted by the Pope. 



BABON FRANZ AUGUST SCHENCK VON STAUF- 

 KRNHERG, Vice - President of the German 

 Reichstag, the scion of an old noble family of 

 Bavaria, was born on August 3, 1834, at Wurz- 

 burg. After studying at the Universities of 

 Wurzburg and Heidelberg, he entered the ser- 

 vice of the Bavarian Government, and was for 

 several years state attorney. In 1866 he left 

 the public service and entered the Bavarian 

 House of Deputies, in which he at once became 

 one of the leading members of the party of 

 progress, and took an active part in all the 

 important discussions. In November, 1873, 

 he was elected President of the second Bava- 

 rian Chamber, and in November, 1874, first 

 V ice-President of the German Reichstag, in 

 the place of his friend the Prince of Hohen- 

 lohe, who had been appointed German embas- 

 sador in Paris. 



DB. ALBEBT HANEL, the second Vice-Presi- 

 dent of the German Reichstag, was born on 

 July 10, 1830, at Leipsic. After studying law 

 at the Universities of Vienna, Leipsic, and Hei- 

 delberg, he was appointed Privatdocent at the 

 University of Leipsic. In 1860 he became 

 professor at KOnigsberg, and in 1863 at Kiel. 



!! has been a member of the Prussian House 

 of Deputies since 1807 for onu of the Bcbles- 

 wig-llolstciii di-trictH, and waa abo 

 Sohleswig Holstein to the North - German 

 llrichstag, and to the first and second Reichs- 

 tag of the German Empire, where he waa 

 one of the most prominent members of the 

 party of progress. Dr. Hunel is a very prolific 

 writer on law-questions, and was one of the 

 chief advisers of Prince Frederick of Augus- 

 tenburg when the latter pressed his claims to 

 the succession in Schleswig-Holstein before the 

 Federal Diet of Germany. 



GRANT, ROBERT EDMUND, M. D., F. R. 8., a 

 distinguished British comparative anatomist, 

 zoologist, professor, and author, born in Edin- 

 burgh, November 11, 1793; died in London, 

 August 21, 1874. Ho was of an excellent fam- 

 ily, and received his early education in the 

 High School, Edinburgh, whence he proceeded 

 to the university of that city. He entered 

 upon his medical studies with such zeal, and 

 distinguished himself so greatly by his devo- 

 tion to anatomical and physiological investi- 

 gations, that ho was elected President of the 

 Medico-Chirurgical and Royal Medical Socie- 

 ties of Edinburgh before he was twenty-one 

 years of age. In May, 1814, he received his 

 diploma as member of the Royal College of 

 Surgeons, and a month later graduated M. D. 

 from the University of Edinburgh. He spent 

 the next six years in professional studies, in 

 the universities and medical schools on the 

 Continent, and in 1820 returned to Edinburgh 

 and commenced the practice of his profession 

 there. He soon commenced lecturing on com- 

 parative anatomy in Edinburgh, and his lect- 

 ures were largely attended. He also contrib- 

 uted many valuable papers to the Scientific 

 Journal. A series of papers on the " Struct- 

 ure and Functions of the Sponge " gained for 

 him a high reputation. At the organization 

 of University College, one of the institutions 

 which grew up into the London University, he 

 was offered the professorship of Comparative 

 Anatomy and Zoology, and accepted it, deliv- 

 ering his first lecture October 23, 1828. He 

 retained this professorship for more than forty 

 years. He also delivered courses of lectures 

 on the structure and classification of animals 

 before the London Zoological Society, and in 

 1837 was appointed Fullerian Professor of 

 Anatomy and Physiology in the Royal Insti- 

 tution of Great Britain, and for some years de- 

 livered the courses of lectures on paleontology 

 on the Swiney foundation. He was made a 

 Fellow of the Royal Society a few years after 

 his removal to London, and contributed largely 

 to its Transactions. In 1835 he commenced his 

 great work, " Outlines of Comparative Anat- 

 omy, presenting a Sketch of the Present State 

 of Knowledge, and of the Progress of Discovery 

 in that Science, designed to serve as an Intro- 

 duction to Animal Physiology and to the Prin- 

 ciples of Classification in Zoology," of winch 

 the first volume was published in 1835 or 



