420 



ITALY. 



posed of the following members : 1. Marco 

 Minghetti, President of the Council of Minis- 

 ters, and Minister of Finance ; born at Bologna, 

 September 8, 1818; captain in the army of 

 Sardinia, 1848-'54; deputy of Bologna to the 

 Italian Parliament of 1860 ; Minister of the 

 Interior, 1861-' 62; Minister of Finance, 1862- 

 -'64 ; appointed Minister of Finance, and Pres- 

 ident of the Council of Ministers, July 10, 

 1873. 2. Euggiero Bonghi, Minister of Public 

 Instruction, born at Naples in 1828 ; appointed 

 in 1859 a professor at the University of Pavia; 

 in 1865 Professor of the Latin Language and 

 Literature at the Istituto di Studii Superior! in 

 Florence, and member of the Supreme Coun- 

 cil of Education ; in 1866 professor in the Acad- 

 emy of Milan; in 1871 Professor of Ancient 

 History of Eome ; member of the Italian Par- 

 liament since 1860; appointed minister, Oc- 

 tober 2, 1874. 3. Comniendator Visconti-Ve- 

 nosta, Minister of Foreign Affairs, born 1828; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1866-'67; ap- 

 pointed again, December 14, 1869. 4. Giuseppe 

 Spaventa, appointed July 10, 1873. 5. Lieu- 

 tenant-General Eicotti Magnani, Minister of 



"War, appointed September 8, 1870. 6. Eear- 

 Admiral Pacoret di San-Bon, Minister of Ma- 

 rine, appointed September 26, 1873. 7. Giu- 

 seppe Finali, Minister of Commerce and Agri- 

 culture, appointed September 28, 1873. 8. 

 Count Geronima Cantelli, Minister of the In- 

 terior, appointed July 10, 1873. 9. Pietro Vig- 

 liani, Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical 

 Affairs, appointed July 10, 1873. 



The Italian Parliament consists of two 

 Chambers, the Senate and the Chamber of 

 Deputies. 



The Council of State decides on conflicts 

 between administrative authorities and courts, 

 and on conflicts between the state and its 

 creditors. President of the Council of State, 

 L. des Ambrois de Eevache, Minister of State, 

 and senator. President of the Section of the 

 Interior, T. Marchese Spinola; of the Section 

 of Justice and Worship, Count de Pallieri ; of 

 Finances, J. Marchese Malaspina. 



The financial accounts for the years 1872 and 



1873, and the budget estimates for the year 



1874, were as follows, in lire (1 lire = 19.3 

 cents) : 



The actual disbursements have of late regu- 

 larly exceeded the estimated deficits. In order 

 to meet the alarming deficits, the Government 

 in 1864 sold the state railways for a sum of 

 200,000,000 lire ; in 1867 it levied the sum of 

 600,000,000 lire on ecclesiastical property ; and 

 in 1868 made over the state monopoly on to- 

 bacco to a French company, in consideration 

 of 180,000,000 lire ; the remainder was made 

 up by loans. 



The total debt of the kingdom amounted in 

 January, 1873, to a nominal capital of 9,851,- 

 731,566 lire, divided as follows : 



1. Rentes, 5 per cent $6.751,919,603 



3. Rentes, 3 percent 213,602,800 



8. Perpetual rents of the Papal See 64,500,000 



4. Special debts. 1,315,806,856 



5. Miscellaneous debts (including unpaid 



interest) ; 



6. Floating debt: 



Bank-notes in circulation, December 



31,1873 



Conto correntes 



Notes of National Bank which are 



legal tenders 



were royal, 4 (Ferrara, Perugia, Camerina, and 

 Urbino) provincial, and 1 (the Sapienza at 

 Eome) papal. The number of professors and 

 students at the 17 royal universities was, in 

 1873, as follows: 



437,315,326 



184,407,100 

 24,180,000 



860,000,000 



Total $9,851,731,566 



Elementary education is now made compul- 

 sory, but the attendance at the primary schools 

 is still far from being satisfactory. There were, 

 in 1872, 34,213 public, and 9,167 private ele- 

 mentary schools, total 43,380; the number of 

 pupils was 1,745,467. Secondary instruction 

 was given, in 1870, in 352 gymnasia (104 royal) 

 and 272 technical schools ; and for more ad- 

 vanced pupils, in 142 lyceums, 89 industrial 

 schools and technical special schools. The 

 number of universities was 22, of which 17 



The theological faculty has been abolished 

 at all these universities. Bologna, Catania, 

 Genoa, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Pavia, Pisa, 

 Eome, Turin, and Padua, have four faculties 

 each (]aw, medicine and surgery, mathematics 

 and natural science, philosophy and literature), 

 Cagliari, Modena, and Parma, three, and the 

 others two. By a decree of the Minister of 

 Public Instruction, issued in 1871, six high- 

 schools Naples, Pavia, Turin, Bologna, Flor- 

 ence, and Parma were declared first-class 

 universities of the kingdom. 



