LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL, IN 1874. 



467 



at, because she submitted willingly to 

 \ hat dictatorial decrees of him and 



:;-ieii'l, tho well-known "Kiinitiiiuyer," 

 (1 to sculpture. Besides much tlmt 



Tthloss, thoso recollections contain sev- 

 eral valuable contributions to our knowledge 



: and artists at Weimar and Rome; chirf 



ig which is the information about Thor- 

 v, aMson and his wondrous domestic relations. 



-.ulptor, who in daily life was never \\ i-n- 

 i rhild, hnd an Italian mistress, was en- 

 gaged t<> an Knglish woman, and was in love 

 ;t Cerman, and yet never made any one 

 :n his wife. Ho renounced tho English 

 lady i.MNs Mackenzie) because he was afraid 



o vengeance of the Italian woman, while 



. on nan (an actress and a pupil of Goe- 



i, Fanny Gaspers, of Mannheim, could 

 I-.. mo his wile because he had promised 

 Mi>-; Mackenzie, when he deserted her, that 

 he would never marry. Another member of 

 Goethe's circle was the sister-in-law of his 

 friend, Charlotte von Stein, Frau Sophie von 



'It, a lovable lady, who afterward turned 

 Catholic, like her "friend," the wild author 

 of u Luther," Zacharias Werner. The Goethe 

 maniac, II. Duntzer, who, by-the-way, has 

 also published the second volume of his life of 

 Frau von Stein, has written a book about Frau 

 von Schardt, which will interest people who 

 are fond of literary tittle-tattle. On the 

 whole, German savants have of late years 

 made great advances toward intelligibility, 

 and even to elegance of style, without forfeit- 

 ing their most valuable qualities, completeness 

 and conscientiousness of treatment. Histori- 

 ans and naturalists vie with one another in 

 writing in a clear and sometimes even a lively 

 and tasteful manner ; while philosophy, which 

 once had an evil name for obscurity and diffi- 

 culty, is trying to follow the example. The 

 " Naturliche Schopf ungsgeschichte " of Hae- 

 ckel, the most eloquent exponent of Darwin's 

 views in Germany, may serve as a model of 

 popular explanation of a theory of Nature 

 which embraces the whole of organic Nature, 

 from the protoplasmic cell up to man himself. 

 Tho strictly philosophical books of tho year 

 are not numerous. Lotze's u Logic " and 

 Brentano's "Psychology" show the growing 

 influence of English philosophy. The former 

 enlarges upon the views of Mill, the latter 

 upon those of Prof. A. Bain and his school. 

 Mill's " Inductive Logic," indeed, counts hardly 



admirers in Germany than in England. 

 Hi- "Autobiography," like his other works, 

 lias found a translator, Th. Gomperz; while 

 his " Auguste Comte and Positivism " has 

 been successfully translated by a lady Eliso 

 Gomperz. 



Tho growing influence of the natural sci- 

 ences in Germany causes Empiricism and Posi- 

 tivism to pain ground there, while speculation 

 loses it. That tho Germans have still, how- 

 i-vi-r, no wish to yield to other nations their 

 well-grounded reputation of being the teach- 



ers in philosophy of Europe, is shown not only 

 by tho adoption of German philosophy in non- 

 :au countries, such as Italy, Russia, Spain, 

 Holland, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, etc., but 

 still more by collected editions and collections 

 of philosophical writers intended for a wide 

 circulation. Schopenhauer's complete works 

 have been published in six volumes, under tho 

 superintendence of his indefatigable disciple, 

 Jul. Frauenstidt. Kirchmann's "Philosophi- 

 cal Library " already counts some sixty vol- 

 umes, and is designed to bring the principal 

 works of all German and non-Gorman thinkers 

 (the latter in translations) within the reach of 

 the people. That by the side of this activity 

 in republication there is no lack of fresh " de- 

 partures," is shown by the attempt to supple- 

 ment modern Empiricism through a new cri- 

 tique of the Reason (I lias post Homerum /), 

 which A. Spir has brought out under the title 

 of " Thought and Reality." Under the name 

 of " Natur-Ethik," Hermann Korner has en- 

 deavored to convert moral philosophy, like the 

 other branches of philosophy, dialectics, psy- 

 chology, and anthropology, into a " Natural 

 Science." Hartmann's "Philosophy of tho 

 Unconscious " still gives occupation to the crit- 

 ics, who attack it now (Knauer) from the the- 

 istic, now (Volkelt) from the pantheistic point 

 of view, without touching on its weak point 

 that this philosophy, although professedly 

 based on the facts of experience, appeals to 

 instinct and clairvoyance, which at most are 

 facts for " Spiritualists." From philosophy to 

 the history of civilization, the history of phi- 

 losophy forms a natural bridge. Thilo's " His- 

 tory of Philosophy " is valuable for its terse- 

 ness and the keenness of the criticism, and is 

 also remarkable as being the first from the 

 stand-point of the Herbartian realism, which 

 is akin to English philosophy. The treatise of 

 It. Zimmermann, " Kant and the Positive 

 Philosophy," explains the relation between 

 Comte's " Sociology " and Kant's " Philosophy 

 of History," and corrects the account Littre 

 has given of the latter. A not very exhaus- 

 tive tract by Stadler discusses Kant's " Tele- 

 ology," while another, by Cohn, is devoted to 

 his " Theory of Cognition." Upon the whole, 

 we may say that German philosophy, though 

 it seemed, with its mystical tendencies toward 

 the clouds of speculation, to have left " old, 

 honest," somewhat skeptical Kant far behind, 

 has returned to him its former starting-point, 

 and, in spite of Hegel and Hartmann, seems 

 not to have got much beyond him. In an- 

 thropology, the admirable work of F. Muller, 

 " Ethnology," has been followed by the com- 

 pletion of the book begun by W. Baer, and 

 continued by Schafhausen and F. von Hell- 

 wald " Prehistoric Man." The political 

 speculations of the German-Hungarian Vam- 

 bi'ry, the man most thoroughly acquainted 

 with Turanian relations, in his " Central Asia 

 and the Anglo-Russian Boundary Question," 

 especially appeal to English readers, as he es- 





