RUSSIA. 



ing tho your woro Cardinal* Tarquini and An- 

 toniiicci, recently promoted; Cardinal Barim- 

 bo ( Fcliniary -Jitli), who had long been pre- 

 i' tin' I'n.j.a-aiida, in which portion he 

 ili-il liy Canlinal IYan<-hi ; Mgr. 

 Merodc ; lu-otlicr 1'liilippo (January *tln, 

 Superior of iho Brothers of tho Christian 

 S-hi.i.N; Very Rev. J. B. Etieune, Superior 

 of tin- 1'ric-ts of tho Mission and of the Si.-ters 

 <f Charity; 11 err von Mallinkrodt, leader 

 of the (ionium Catholics; Madame Josephine 

 Gretz (January 4th), Superior-General of tho 

 Ladies of ih- Sacred Heart; and the Oratorinn, 

 Augustine Theiner, historian and antiquary 

 (August lulu, who had, however, become sus- 

 1 during the Vatican Council, and, as ap- 

 peared clearly after his death, was in full har- 

 mony and concert with tho Old Catholic move- 

 ment. 



The Old Catholics in Germany and Switzer- 

 land held a strange position. Though excom- 

 municated by the Pope, and by Catholics held 

 to be no longer Catholics, they still claimed to 

 be Catholics, and in Germany were recognized 

 as still belonging to the Catholic Church, and 

 their bishop as a Catholic bishop, in spite of 

 his irregular election and his consecration by 

 a bishop not of the Catholic Church. In 

 Switzerland tho Government recognized them 

 as Catholics, and did not recognize the Catho- 

 lics or their clergy as such. Yet, the Old 

 Catholic body in Germany had a distinct 

 national organization, independent of all con- 

 trol, and as such held a synod at Bonn, consist- 

 ing of Bishop Reinkens, 28 clerical and 67 lay 

 members. To retain their character as Catho- 

 lics, they did not, with Loyson, reject the 

 celibacy of the clergy, or the use of Latin ; but 

 their action on the sacraments of penance and 

 of matrimony was at variance with the doctrine 

 and discipline of the Catholic Church. Accord- 

 ing to an official statement made in the Prus- 

 sian Parliament, the whole number of Old 

 Catholics in Prussia, including all the families 

 of members, was 17,028 ; and in Bavaria, Ba- 

 den, and other German states, they were esti- 

 mated at as many more ; and the number of 

 priests, 81. 



RUSSIA (Empire of all the Russias), an em- 

 pire in Europe and Asia. Emperor, Alexan- 

 der II., born April 17 (April 29, new style), 

 1818; succeeded his father, February 18 

 (March 2), 1855 ; crowned at Moscow, August 

 20 (September 7), 1856. Sons of the Emperor : 

 1. Heir-apparent, Grand-duke Alexander, born 

 February 20 (March 10), 1845; married No- 

 vember 4, 1860, to Maria Dagmar (born No- 

 vember 20, 1847), daughter of King Christian 

 IX., of Denmark. (Offspring of the union are 

 two sons: Nicholas, born May 6, 1868; and 

 George, born April 28, 1871.) 2. Grand-duke 

 Vladimir, born April 10, 1847. 3. Grand-duke 

 Alexis, born January 2, 1850. 5. Grand-duke 

 Sergius, April 29, 1857. 6. Grand-Duke Paul, 

 born September 1, 1860. 



The area and population of the great divis- 



ions of the Russian Empire were, according to 

 iho latest dates, as follows : 



European Russia, inclusive of the former 

 kingdom of Poland, is divided into sixty gov- 

 ernments, the area and population (in 1807) of 

 which are given in tho ANJTUAL CYCLOPEDIA. 

 for 1872. 



The following cities of Russia have a popu- 

 lation upward of 100,000 inhabitants : 



St. Petersburg. (1889).. 667,036 



Moscow (1871).. 611,970 



Warsaw (1878).. 279,602 



OdCMia.... Mh73).. 102.814 

 Kishinev.. (iM,7<..in:;.ui:j 

 Riga (1867).. 104,048 



The official estimate of revenue and expen- 

 diture for the year 1874, as sanctioned by the 

 Emperor, is as follows: revenue, 589,851,656 

 rubles ; expenditure, 536,683,836 rubles : sur- 

 plus, 8,167,820 rubles. 



The public debt of Russia, on January 1, 

 1873, amounted to 2,277,081,564 rubles. 



The new law on the reorganization of the 

 Russian army was proclaimed by an imperial 

 ukase, dated January 1 (January 13), 1874. 

 The armed force of this empire consists of the 

 standing army and the landwehr; the latter 

 has to serve only in times of war. The stand- 

 ing army consists of land and naval troops. 

 The land army comprises : 1. The regular army, 

 which is to be kept complete by annual recruit- 

 ing. 2. Of the reserve, formed of men who are 

 furloughed until they are called upon to serve 

 their time. 3. Of Cossack troops, formed of 

 other tribes. The landwehr embraces the en- 

 tire male population capable of bearing arms and 

 not belonging to the standing army, from the 

 twentieth to the fortieth year of age. It is di- 

 vided into two sections, one of which, containing 

 the younger men, may be employed to complete 

 the standing army. In times of peace the army 

 will, as before, consist of about 750,000 men ; 

 in times of war, the force at the disposal of 

 the Government would at present be about 

 1,520,000 in European Russia and in the Cau- 

 casus, with about 800,000 horses. While the 

 new law established the principle of universal 

 liability to military service, it reserved to the 

 Government the power of determining annu- 

 ally how many of the able-bodied men who 

 have attained the proper age are to be actually 

 selected for military service. Assuming all 

 those obliged to serve to be actually draughted 

 into the army, the prospect would be an alarm- 

 ing one indeed. If the 40,000,000 Germain 

 tinder the ban of universal conscription easily 

 supply 130,000 recruits a year, 70,000,000 Rus- 

 sians, when subject to the same regime, will 

 yield a total of 227,000. This is exactly twice 



