764 



EUSSIA. 



the number of the recruits enlisted at the old 

 average rate of four in each thousand males. 

 Again, each man under the new law being 

 obliged to hold himself in readiness for active 

 service through a period of fifteen years, this, 

 after the first fifteen years are over, and ever 

 after, would place a force of 3,405,000 men at the 

 disposal of the Czar. Deducting those who die, 

 or are invalided, there still remains the fearful 

 figure of something like 3,000,000 soldiers. Or, 

 if the Government have not the money and ne- 

 cessary number of officers to carry out the law 

 to its full extent, there will still be 2,000,000. 



The following particulars on the condition of 

 the Eussian Navy in 1874 are given by a Rus- 

 sian naval journal: 



The total number of ships-of-war in. Kussian waters 

 is 225 ; 29 of which are iron-clads, and they carry 921 

 guns. Their total burden amounts to 172,401 tons, 

 and their steam-power to 31,978 horses. The per- 

 sonnel consists of 1,305 officers (including 81 ad- 

 mirals), 513 pilots, 210 artillery engineers, 145 marine 

 engineers, 545 mechanical engineers, 56 marine archi- 

 tects, 297 admiralty officialsj 260 surgeons, 480 civil 

 officials, and 24,500 subordinates of various ranks. 

 The ships are distributed as follows : In the Baltic 

 there are 27 iron-clads and 110 unarmored steamers, 

 70 of which do not carry guns, and the rest have 

 about 200 guns in all. The same number of guns 

 are to be placed on the iron-clads. four of which are 

 still in course of construction. The Black Sea fleet 

 consists of two iron-clads and _29 unarmored steamers. 

 The iron-clads are armed with four guns, and the 

 other steamers, except four which do not carry guns, 

 with 45. In the Caspian there are 20 unarmored 

 steamers, one of which is in course of construction, 

 and nine are without guns ; the rest have 45 guns in 

 all. The Siberian flotilla consists of 23 steamers, 

 seven of which carry 36 guns between them ; and 

 the Aral flotilla has six small steamers, five of which 

 are armed with 13 guns. In the White Sea there are 

 three ships-of-war with four guns. The educational 

 department of the Russian Admiralty comprises a 

 naval school for 265 pupils at St. Petersburg, a sci- 

 entific school for 220 pupils, a training-school for 400 

 boys, and a writing-school for 150 sailors at Cronstadt, 

 and a midshipmen's school, a ship-building school, 

 and a school for sailors' daughters at Nicolaieff. A 

 sum of 442,951 rubles for the expenses of these 

 schools is included in the budget of 1874. 



The movement of commerce in the years 

 1871 and 1872 was as follows : 



I. WITH ETTBOPE, ETC. 



II. WITH ASIA, ETC. 



The movement of shipping in 1872 is ex- 

 hibited in the following table : 



The merchant navy, in 1874, was composed 

 of 2,504 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 

 260,292 lasts, among which there were 227 

 steamers. Included in this number are 826 

 vessels of Finland, of 123,336 lasts. 



The length of railroads in operation on Jan- 

 uary 1, 1874, amounted to 16,800 kilometres. 

 At the close of the year 1872 the telegraph- 

 lines in operation had an aggregate length of 

 '72,084 kilometres, while the length of wire was 

 145,856 kilometres. 



An imperial ukase, dated March 9 (new style 

 21), 1874, regulates the administration of the 

 " Transcaspian Territory. 1 ' 



This new Eussian acquisition comprises the whole 

 of the country between the khanates of Khiva and 

 Bokhara and the Caspian Sea. It extends north- 

 ward as far as Mertvy Tultuk, southward to the At- 

 trek (which is to be the Eusso-Persian frontier), 

 eastward to the borders of the khanate of Khiva, 

 and westward to the Caspian, including the islands 

 of Kulaly, Sviatoi, etc. The governor of the new 

 territory is to be subordinate in all things to the 

 commander-in-chief of the Caucasus, and his head- 

 quarters will be at Krasnovodsk. There will also be 

 a sub-district, with Alexandrovsk as its capital. The 

 governor will be assisted in his administrative 

 duties by a physician, an engineer, a topographer, 

 and interpreters, and a physician will also be at- 

 tached to his deputy at Alexandrovsk. The Eus- 

 sian population in the new territory will be gov- 

 erneu according to the general laws of the empire, 

 but special regulations are laid down for the native 

 population. The latter are to be divided into larger 

 and smaller communities severally called "volosts" 

 and "auls." 



The treaty between Eussia and Bokhara, 

 concluded on October 10, 1873,* did not, as 

 was at first announced, turn over to Bokhara 

 the whole of the territory ceded by Khiva to 

 Eussia, but only a few isolated patches of pas- 

 ture-land on the right bank of the Amu. The 

 real oasis on that side of the river which is 

 north of Meschekli remained in the possession 

 and was organized into the circle (province) 

 of Amu Darya, which is subordinate to the 

 Governor-General of Eussian Toorkistan. 



* See ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1873, article "Russia." 



