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SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms 

 of Northern Europe, united under the same 

 dynasty. King, Oscar II., born January 21, 

 1829 ; succeeded to the throne at the death of 

 his brother, Charles XV., September 18, 1872 ; 

 married June 6, 1857, to Sophia, born July 9, 

 1836, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of 

 Nassau. Oldest son : Gustavus, heir-apparent, 

 Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 1858. 



The executive authority is in the hands of 

 the King, who acts under the advice of a 

 Council of State, composed of ten members, 

 of whom two have the title of State Ministers, 

 and eight that of Councillors of State ; of the 

 latter five are chiefs of departments. At the 

 close of 1873, the Swedish Council of State 

 was composed of the following members : 1. 

 The Minister of State and Justice, E. H. de 

 Carleson, appointed May 4, 1874, appointed 

 Minister of Justice, June 3, 1870 ; 2. Minister 

 of State and Foreign Affairs, Major-General 

 Oscar M. de Bjornstjerna, appointed Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs, December 17, 1872 ; 3. C. 

 J. Berg, appointed June 4, 1868 ; 4. Chief of 

 the Department of the Navy, Major-General 

 Baron Brader Abraham Leijonhufvud, ap- 

 pointed January 14, 1870 ; 5. Chief of the De- 

 partment of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. G. Wen- 

 nerberg, appointed June. 3, 1870 ; 6. Chief of 

 the Department of the Interior, Dr. P. A. 

 Bergstrom, appointed June 3, 1870 ; 7. Baron 

 C. J. O. Alstromer, appointed June 15, 1870 ; 

 8. Chief of the Department of War, Major- 

 General Erik Oscar Weidenhielm, appointed 

 December 5, 1871 ; 9. Dr. J. H. Lov6n (June 

 5, 1874) ; 10. Chief of the Department of 

 Finance, J. G. N. S. Baron Akerhielm, ap- 

 pointed September 28, 1874. 



In Norway the King exercises his authority 

 through a Council of State, composed of one 

 Minister of State and nine Councilors. Two 

 of the councilors, together with the minister, 

 form a delegation of the Council of State, re- 

 siding at Stockholm, near the King. 



The area of Sweden is 170,591 square miles; 

 population, in 1873, 4,297,972.* 



The emigration, from 1851 to 1860, num- 

 bered 16,900 persons; from 1861 to 1870, 

 122,447 ; in 1868, 27,024 ; in 1869, 39,064 ; in 

 1870, 20,003 ; in 1871, 17,458; in 1872, 15,912; 

 in 1873, 13,580. 



The following towns, in 1873, had a popula- 

 tion of more than 10,000 inhabitants : Stock- 

 holm, 147,249 ; Goteborg, 61,599 ; Malmo, 

 28,325 ; Norrkoping, 25,982 ; Carlscrona, 

 16,586; Gefle, 16,265; Upsala, 12,086; Jon- 

 koping, 12,138 ; Lund, 11,408. 



In the budget for 1875 the revenue was esti- 

 mated at 99,249,939 crowns ; the expenditures 

 at 99,249,939 crowns. The public debt, at the 

 end of 1873, amounted to 122,080,000 riksdalers. 



The total strength of the armed forces was, 

 in September, 1873, as follows : 



* For the area and population of the several lans into 

 which the country is drvided see ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA 

 for 1873. 



The navy, which was entirely reorganized 

 in 1866-'67, consisted, at the beginning of 

 1874, of 37 steamers, 8 sailing-vessels, 88 gal- 

 leys : total, 133 vessels, of 455 guns. At the 

 end of 1873, the navy was officered by two 

 rear-admirals, six commanders, 20 command- 

 ing-captains, 43 captains, and 43 lieutenants. 

 The principal port is that of Carlscrona, on the 

 Baltic. 



The imports and exports, in 1872 and 1871, 

 were as follows (expressed in thousands of 

 crowns) : 



The movement of shipping was, in 1872, as 

 follows : 



* 1 Swedish last = 3.27 tons. 



The commercial navy of Sweden numbered, 

 in 1871, 3,878 vessels, of 130,267 lasts. The 

 number of vessels registered for the foreign 

 trade was 1,783, of a total burden of 102,328 

 lasts. 



The aggregate length of railroads in opera- 

 tion, in August, 1874, was 2,638.9 kilometres; 

 of those in course of construction, 2,807 kilo- 

 metres (1 kilometre = 0.62 mile). The num- 

 ber of post-offices in 1872 was 546. The reve- 

 nue amounted to 2,716,050 riksdalers ; the ex- 

 penditures to 2,291,318 riksdalers. The ag- 

 gregate length of the state telegraph-lines was 

 7,057 kilometres ; and of telegraph-wires, 14,- 

 943 kilometres. 



The area of Norway 1 is 122,280 square miles. 

 The population was, in 1872, estimated at 

 1,763,000. The following towns had, in 1870, 

 a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants : 

 Christiania, 66,657 (in 1872 about 70,000, and 

 with the suburbs 80,000); Bergen, 30,252; 

 Drontheim, 20,858; Havanger, 16,053; Dram- 

 men, 15,458; Christiansand, 11,468. The bud- 

 get for the period ending June 30, 1874, esti- 

 mates the revenue and expenditure at 5,455,704 

 specie dalers each (1 specie daler = $1.11). The 

 public debt at the end of August, 1873, had be- 

 come reduced to 6,876,000 specie dalers. On 



