792 



TURKEY. 



here annually. The city contains 14 public 

 schools, which in 1872 had 26 teachers and 

 1,228 pupils; two public libraries with about 

 3,000 volumes; three daily and six weekly 

 newspapers ; two monthly periodicals ; and 12 

 churches. Houston was settled in 1836, and in 

 1837" was temporarily the seat of government. 



TURKEY, an empire in Eastern Europe, 

 Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Reign- 

 ing sovereign, Sultan Abdul-Aziz, born Feb- 

 ruary 9, 1830; succeeded to the throne at the 

 death of his elder brother, Sultan Abdul-Med- 

 jid, June 25, 1861. Sons of the Sultan: 1. 

 Yussuf Izzedin Effendi ; born October 9, 1857 ; 

 2. Mahmoud Djemol Eddin Effendi, born No- 

 vember 20, 1862 ; 3. Mehemed Selim Effendi, 

 born October 8, 1866 ; 4. Abdul-Medjid, born 

 June 27, 1868. 



The area and population of Turkey are va- 

 riously estimated. At the beginning of 1874 

 they were given as follows : 



In December, 1874, the annexation of Darfur 

 to Egypt largely added to the area and popu- 

 lation of one of the vassal states in Africa. 

 If the incorporation is permanent, the area of 

 the empire will amount to about 2,230,000 

 square miles, and the population to more than 

 46,000,000. 



Constantinople is believed to have 400,000 

 to 500,000 inhabitants, of whom 110,000 be- 

 long to the Asiatic portion ; Adrianople, 100,- 

 000 to 150,000 ; Salonica, 50,000 ; Gallipoli, 50,- 

 000; Philippopolis, 50,000; Serayervo, 46,000; 

 Sofia, 22,000. Of the towns in Asiatic Turkey, 

 Smyrna has 150,000 ; Damascus, 120,000 ; Bey- 

 root, 100,000; Broussa, 100,000; Erzeroom, 

 100,000; Aleppo, 100,000; Bagdad, 40,000; Je- 

 rusalem, 25,000. 



For the year ending February 28, 1875, the 

 revenues were estimated at 4,961,484 purses, 

 the expenditures at 5,026,916. The debt in 

 1874 was estimated at 4,325,100,000 francs. In 

 the course of the year 1874 the floating debt 

 was largely increased ; but it is now to be whol- 

 ly consolidated. A law of September 20, 1874, 

 authorizes the Minister of Finance to enter a 

 new debt of 44,000,000 Turkish pounds (1,000,- 

 000,000 francs) into the Great Book. Of this 

 sum, 36,300,000 pounds are devoted to the ex- 

 tinction of floating liabilities ; the remainder 

 is deposited with the new Imperial Ottoman 

 Bank, to secure advances. 



According to a law of June 22, 1869, and 

 later decrees, the reorganization of the army 

 is to be completed in 1878. It is to consist of 

 700,000 men, divided into the active army 

 (about 150,000 men), the first reserve (70,000 



men), the second reserve, and the sedentary 

 army (corresponding to the German Land- 

 sturm). The irregular troops are calculated to 

 consist of 1. Kavas, or gendarmes on foot; 

 seymens, or mounted gendarmes and country 

 militia as soulechis, 30,000 ; 2. Tartars of Dob- 

 rodja and Asia Minor, 5,000 ; 3. Hungarian or 

 Polish volunteers, 2,000; Moslem volunteers, 

 50,000; total of irregulars, 87,000. The war- 

 vessels, in 1873, consisted of 21 iron-clads (4 

 frigates, 5 corvettes, 6 monitors, and 6 galleys) 

 and 99 transports. The navy was manned by 

 30,000 sailors and 4,000 marine troops. 



The commercial marine is estimated at about 

 200,000 tons. The chief port of Turkey is that 

 of Constantinople. The movement of shipping 

 in the Suleina mouth of the Danube was, from 

 1869 to 1871, as follows : 



The aggregate length of railroads, in April, 

 1874, was 1,334 kilometres (1 kilometre = 0.62 

 mile) in European Turkey, and 274 in Asia 

 Minor. 



The Turkish dependency of Roumania was 

 in 1873 governed by Prince Charles I., son of 

 the late Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sig- 

 maringen. Prince Charles was born April 20, 

 1839 ; elected Prince of Roumania, May 10, 

 1866; married November 15, 1869, to Eliza- 

 beth, Princess of Neuwied. The state ministry 

 was in 1874 composed as follows: Presidency 

 and Interior, Catargi (appointed 1871) ; Fi- 

 nance, Mavrogeni (1871) ; War, Floresco (1871) ; 

 Foreign Affairs, Boeresco (1873) ; Justice, La- 

 hovary (1873) ; Agriculture, Commerce, and 

 Public Works, Cantacuzene (December, 1873); 

 Public Instruction and Worship, Maioresco 

 (1874). The Senate consists of 78 members, 

 the Chamber of Deputies of 157 members, of 

 whom 82 are for Wallachia and 75 for Mol- 

 davia ; area, 16,817 square miles ; population 

 in 1871, about 4,500,000. About 85.5 per cent, 

 of the total population belong to the Rou- 

 mania nationality, and about 92.4 per cent, to 

 the Greek Oriental Church. In the budget 

 of the year 1875 the revenue was estimated 

 at 91,441,418 francs, and the expenditures at 

 97,149,552 francs; the public debt in 1874 

 amounted to about 210,000,000 francs. The 

 imports, in 1871, were valued at 89,700,000 

 francs; in 1872, at 84;917,000 francs; the ex- 

 ports, in 1871, at 172,500,000 francs; in 1872, 

 at 158,925,000 francs. In 1874 the length of 

 the railroads in operation was 965 kilometres; 

 that of the telegraph-lines, 3,420 ; that of wires, 

 6,089 kilometres. 



The military force is divided into four class- 

 es : 1. The standing army with its reserves ; 

 2. The territorial army with its reserves ; 3. The 

 militia ; 4. The national guard in the towns 

 and the people in the rural districts. The 

 territorial army which is subject to be mobi- 

 lized and concentrated for manoeuvres or other 



