BAUER, WILHELM. 



BAYARD, THOMAS F. 



71 



was drawn in the conscription in 1812, and at 

 the peace of 1814 returned to his profession as 

 a chaser, and studied drawing and modeling 

 in the ateliers of M. Bosio and Baron Gros. 

 His first exhibition at the competition of the 

 Ecole des Beaux Arts was in 1819, when he 

 gained honorable mention for an engraving 

 representing Milo of Orotona devoured by a 

 lion. In 1827 he began to exhibit his sculpt- 

 ures in the Salon des Beaux Arts, and con- 

 tinued to do so regularly until 1836, when, the 

 jury having refused several of his works, he 

 ceased to exhibit for fourteen years. From 

 1848 to 1851 he occupied the post of keeper 

 and director of the plaster-casts at the Louvre, 

 and in 1850 he was appointed to superintend 

 the course of drawing relating to natural his- 

 tory at Versailles, and in 1854 to a similar post 

 in the Museum of Natural History. He has 

 attained great success in modeling wild ani- 

 mals. His lion crushing a boar, an animal group 

 in bronze, is considered his finest figure. In 

 1833 he became chevalier and in 1855 an officer 

 of the Legion of Honor. At the Paris Exhibi- 

 tion of 1855 he obtained a grand medal of 

 honor, the only one awarded in artistic bronzes. 

 In 1861 he was appointed a member of the 

 jury which decided as to the claims for admis- 

 sion of works of art into the London Exhibition 

 of 1861, and in 1868 became a member of the 

 Academy of Fine Arts. 



BAUER, WILHELM, a German inventor, born 

 December 23, 1822 ; died June 18, 1875. He 

 learned turning, and went to Munich as a jour- 

 neyman. Here he joined the army, and took 

 part in the Danish War of 1848. The defense- 

 less state of the German coasts suggested to 

 him the idea of making use of submarine navi- 

 gation for naval war, and for this purpose he 

 constructed a submarine fireship to destroy 

 the enemy's vessels. February 1, 1851, he 

 made an attempt with it in the harbor of Kiel, 

 but, owing to a want of funds, he was unsuc- 

 cessful. After this he occupied himself almost 

 exclusively with the preparation of models of 

 submarine ships, and, in 1852, went successive- 

 ly to Austria, France, and England, to work 

 for the realization of his plans. But, wherever 

 he went, he was unsuccessful, owing to a want 

 of funds. During a stay in Russia, in 1855, he 

 succeeded in interesting the Admiral Grand- 

 duke Constantine in his plans, and here, at 

 last, he was able to complete successfully his 

 submarine fireship. He was permitted to raise 

 the man-of-war Lefort, which had gone down 

 in the Baltic in 1857, and was also ordered to_ 

 build a submarine man-of-war. He continued 

 in the service of Russia, under the title of sub- 

 marine engineer, until 1858, when, in conse- 

 quence of difficulties with the authorities, he 

 left for Munich. His stay in Russia had, in 

 more than one respect, been an excellent 

 school for him. His "camels" for submarine 

 operations, and other inventions, were of far- 

 reaching importance. When the Bavarian 

 post -packet Ludwig had been wrecked on 



Lake Constance, in 1861, Bauer was called 

 upon, and he undertook to raise the vessel with 

 his " camels." Unfortunately, his apparatus 

 proved to be insufficient, and he was forced 

 to desist from his undertaking. But the liber- 

 ality of Duke Ernest, of Saxe-Ooburg-Gotha, 

 and a subscription taken up through Germany, 

 enabled him to complete his work, and, in 

 1863, he succeeded in raising it. He then 

 went to Bremen, where he hoped to work for 

 the dissemination and completion of his ideas, 

 but he was interrupted by the war of 1864. 

 This war suggested to him the possibility of 

 constructing u fire-coasters " for the protection 

 of the coasts. An association was formed in 

 1864 for the furtherance of this project. But 

 Bauer's health naw gave way, and he contin- 

 ued to fail, until he was relieved by death of 

 his sufferings. 



BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS, of Wilmington, 

 was born at Wilmington, Del., October 29, 

 1828; was chiefly educated at the Flushing 

 School, established by Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, 

 and although his early training was for a mer- 

 cantile life, he studied and adopted the profes- 

 sion of law ; he came to the bar in 1851, and, 

 excepting the years 1855 and 1856, when he 

 resided in Philadelphia, he has always practised 

 in his native city ; in 1853 he was appointed 

 United States District Attorney for Delaware, 

 but resigned in 1854; was elected to the United 

 States Senate as a Democrat to succeed James 

 A. Bayard (his father), and took his seat March 

 4, 1869. His term of service expired March 3, 

 1875. But in January, 1875, he was reflected 

 for a second term, which will expire on March 

 3, 1881. The career of any hard-working 

 lawyer at a country bar has little or nothing 

 to attract more than a merely local interest, 

 or to entitle him to especial recognition, and 

 such has been that of Mr. Bayard. 



Since he came to the Senate in 1869, his po- 

 litical views and associations have placed him 

 in a minority, heretofore very weak in num- 

 bers, and therefore more labor has been en- 

 tailed upon it, in meeting the infinite variety 

 of propositions brought forward by the major- 

 ity in these stormy times. 



His diligence in the office of Senator is man- 

 ifested in the records of the debates which 

 disclose his attitude upon the public questions. 

 An abridgment of many of his speeches will 

 be found in this and former volumes of this 

 CYCLOPAEDIA. 



In the formation of the Government and 

 since its establishment, the men from whom 

 Mr. Bayard draws his name and blood have 

 been in the public service, and in the Senate 

 he lineally represents a fourth generation. 

 Thus in the preservation of the principles of 

 republican government, and the line of con- 

 duct which can alone make such a government 

 possible, he possesses a deep inherited interest 

 and duty, which last he has diligently en- 

 deavored to perform. 



Limitation upon power was the great idea 



