80 



BLEEK, WILHELM H. E. 



BOKHAKA. 



State, for the support of the public schools or de- 

 rived'from any public fund therefor, shall ever be 

 under the control of any religious sect, nor shall any 

 money so raised ever be divided between religious 

 sects or denominations. 



This, you will observe, does not interfere with any 

 State having just such a school system as its citizens 

 may prefer, s'ubject to the single and simple restric- 

 tion that the schools shall not be made the arena 

 for sectarian controversy or theological disputation. 

 This adjustment, it seems to me, would be compre- 

 hensive and conclusive, and would be fair alike to 

 Protestant and Catholic, to Jew and Gentile, leaving 

 the religious faith and the conscience of every man 

 free and unmolested. Very sincerely yours, 



J. G. ELAINE. 



The journal formerly conducted by Mr. 

 Blaine, in the State of Maine, in commenting 

 upon this letter, makes the following state- 

 ment: 



The form and substance of Mr. Elaine's proposi- 

 tion seem to be comprehensive and satisfactory. Its 

 terms do not require the States to modifv their public 

 school systems, nor make them conform to any 

 stated model ; it simply forbids the introduction of 

 sectarian controversy of every nature by providing 

 that no part of the public funds for school purposes 

 shall be used for sectarian purposes or divided among 

 religious sects. The issue is now before the country. 

 There is no question about that. It is better that it 

 should not be a party issue, and the Democratic Con- 

 gress can keep it out of politics by adopting and act- 

 ing upon the suggestion which Mr. Blame has made. 

 If the Democratic Congress, with the full nature of 

 the controversy confronting it, fails to show a suffi- 

 cient patriotism to propose an amendment making a 

 final disposition of the danger, then the Republican 

 party will no longer hesitate to add this to the other 

 boons it has conferred upon the American people, 

 and it will be a conspicuous issue of the presidential 

 campaign of 1876. 



BLEEK, WILHELM HEINEICH EMMANUEL, an 

 eminent philologist, born March 8, 1827 ; died 

 August 17, 1875, in Cape Town. He attended 

 the gymnasium at Bonn, entered the universi- 

 ty at the same- place in 1845, and in 1848 that 

 of Berlin. Having heen led hy various circum- 

 stances to a particular study of the South Af- 

 rican languages, he wrote a dissertation in 1851 

 in which he attempted to show the northern 

 origin of the Hottentot language. In 1855 

 he went in company with Bishop Colenso to 

 Natal, and during his stay there he explored 

 the interior of the colony as well as the adjoin- 

 ing country of the Kaffres, in order to study 

 the language and customs of the natives. In 

 the fall of 1856 he went to Cape Town, where 

 he received an appointment from the Governor, 

 Sir George Grey, which enabled him to con- 

 tinue his studies on the languages of Africa, 

 Australia, and Polynesia. When Sir George 

 Grey left for New Zealand, he presented his 

 valuable library to the colony, and Dr. Bleek 

 was appointed librarian of it. His most im- 

 portant works are, a " Comparative Grammar 

 of South African Languages," of which the 

 first volume appeared in 1862, but which he 

 did not finish; a "Vocabulary of the Bush- 

 men Language," which he also left unfinished ; 

 " De nominum generibus linguarum Africa 

 Australia;" "Keynard the Fox in South Af- 



rica; or, Hottentot Fables and Tales" (Lon- 

 don, 1864) ; and a '* Handbook of African, 

 Australian, and Polynesian Philology " (3 vols., 

 London, 1858-1863). 



BOKHARA, a khanate in Central Asia. In 

 virtue of the treaty concluded between the 

 Khan of Bokhara and the Emperor of Kussia 

 on September 28, 1873, a portion of the terri- 

 tory on the right bank of the Amoo Daria 

 which the Khan of Khiva had to cede to Kus- 

 sia, was transferred to Bokhara. According 

 to the latest dates (Behm and Wagner, " Be- 

 volkerung der Erde," vol. iii., 1875, p. 99) the 

 area of the khanate was estimated at 83,980 

 square miles, and the population at 2,286,000. 



The following is the text of the treaty be- 

 tween Bokhara and Kussia, which virtually es- 

 tablishes a Russian protectorate over Bokhara : 



CLAUSE I. The frontiers between the possessions 

 of his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of all the Rus- 

 sias and his Worship the Amir of Bokhara remain 

 unchanged. 



The Khivese territory on the right bank of the 

 Amoo, having been embodied with the Kussian Em- 

 pire, the former frontier between Khiva and Bokha- 

 ra, from the Oasis of Kholat to Gugertli, is altered 

 in this wise : The possessions of the Amir of Bokhara 

 are augmented by the addition to them of the land 

 between the former Khiva-Bokhara frontier on the 

 right bank of the Amoo, from Gugertli to Meschekli, 

 and from Meschekli to the point where the former 

 Khiva-Bokhara frontier met the frontier of the Rus- 

 sian Empire. 



CLAUSE II. In consequence of the right bank of 

 the Amoo being severed from Khiva, the caravan 

 roads going from Bokhara north to the Kussian pos- 

 sessions traverse Bokharese and Kussian territory 

 exclusively. The Kussian and Bokharese Govern- 

 ments, each in its own territory, will watch over the 

 safety of these caravan roads and the commerce 

 along them. 



CLAUSE III. Kussian steamers and other vessels, 

 whether belonging to the Government or to private 

 persons, will have the right to navigate, without let 

 or hinderance, the Bokharese portion or the Amoo, 

 equally with Bokharese ships. 



CLAUSE IV. Any locality on the Bokharese banks 

 of the Amoo, which the Kussians may select for the 

 construction of piers or storehouses, may be used by 

 them for this purpose, the Bokharese Government 

 being responsible for the safety of the erections thus 

 established. The final and definite selection of these 

 erections depends upon the supreme Kussian au- 

 thorities in Central Asia. 



CLAUSE V. All the towns and villages of the 

 khanate of Bokhara will be open to Kussian com- 

 merce. Kussian merchants and caravans will be al- 

 lowed to travel freely in the whole khanate, and will 

 enjoy the special protection of the local authorities. 

 The safety of the Kussian caravans on Bokhareso 

 territory is expressly guaranteed by the Bokhara 

 Government. 



CLAUSE VI. On all merchandise belonging to Kus- 

 sian traders, whether imported from Kussia to Bo- 

 khara, or from Bokhara to Kussia, an ad valorem tax 

 of 2 per cent, will be levied in Bokhara. In the 

 Russian province of Toorkistan the goods mentioned 

 in the preceding sentence are to pay a tax amount- 

 ing to one-fortieth of their value. No other tax, 

 duty, or impost, whatsoever, will be levied upon 

 merchandise of the description mentioned. 



CLAUSE VII. Kussian merchants will be entitled 

 to send their goods through Bokhara free of transit 

 dues. 



CLAUSE VIII. Kussian merchants will be entitled 

 to have caravansaries for the storing of merchandise 



