CHILI. 



CHINA. 



117 



operation, 393 miles of which belonged to the 

 state ; and there were in process of construc- 

 tion for the state, 193 miles. 



In an official publication for 1875, the length 

 of the telegraph-wires throughout the republic 

 was set down at 1,650, a figure which would 

 seem incorrect, as compared with former re- 

 ports. (See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1874.) 



On February 3, 1875, were received the first 

 direct telegraphic dispatches from Liverpool and 

 London to Valparaiso. 



The national revenue for 1873 amounted to 

 $15,265,531, of which no less than $8,145,353 

 proceeded from the custom-house ; and the ex- 

 penditures for the same year, to $17,066,481, 

 out of which $2,035,412 went toward public 

 instruction. 



The estimated budget for 1874 was : Kev- 

 enue, $16,569,482; expenditure, $16,609,183; 

 and that for 1875 : Ke venue, $16,440,000 ; ex- 

 penditure, $16,474,890. 



, The total national debt in 1874 stood at 

 $48,149,850. 



The particulars of the 5-per cent, bonds of 

 1875 are as follows : Issue price, 88J- ; interest 

 and sinking-fund, 7 per cent, per annum ; nom- 

 inal amount of loan, 1,000,000 ; years to run, 

 twenty-six; net produce to borrower, 882,- 

 500 ; annual charge throughout, 70,000 ; total 

 cost to borrower, including capital repaid at 

 redemption, 1,797,600. 



The following table exhibits the amount of 

 duties collected at Valparaiso in the twelve 

 months of 1874: 



Months. Amounts. 



January $416,880 



February 498,2T4 



March 691,855 



April 803,323 



May 612,210 



June 602,944 



July 563,911 



Amount in 1873 



Months. Amounts. 



August, .' 715,045 



September 559,248 



October 571,757 



November , . . . 617,519 



December 596,086 



Total $7,249,053 



5,981,982 



Increase in 1874 $1,267,081 



Among the more important measures which 

 were adopted by the Chilian Congress in 1875, 

 is the following : 



SANTIAGO, November 2, 1874. 

 The President of the Eepublic is hereby empow- 

 ered, for the period of two years, to contract a loan 

 to the'amount of $9,500,000, of which $4,500,000 will 

 be applied to the liquidation of the 7-per cent, loan 

 issued in London in 1867, and $5,000,000 to the con- 

 version into the foreign debt of all the bonds to be 

 issued in Chili by authority of Congress, such au- 

 thority being revoked. 



FEDEEICO EEEAZUEIZ. 



E. BAEEOS LUGO. 



The loan of 1867 pays 7 per cent, interest, 

 which is too much for countries whose credit 

 ranks high, as does that of Chili, and as it is 

 no hard matter to find the same quantity of 

 money at a lower rate. 



On the other hand, in order to avoid the 

 heavy disbursements occasioned by the exten- 

 sive public works now in progress, it became 

 necessary to issue bonds, which is not advisa- 

 ble under present circumstances. In conse- 

 quence, the Government has wished, not only 



to avoid this prospective issue, but also to re- 

 deem the home debt arising from former issues. 

 In short, it is about to convert the home into 

 a foreign debt, thus bringing into circulation 

 gold and silver coin, of which theVe is a defi- 

 ciency, instead of paper, of which there is a 

 superfluity. 



The decision of the Hon. Mr. Logan, ap- 

 pointed arbitrator in the questions pending be- 

 tween Peru and Chili, with regard to the 

 accounts of the allied squadron during the last 

 Spanish war, has been given, and has been 

 cordially received on both sides. He awards 

 to Chili $1,135,000, from which has to be de- 

 ducted $654,000 already paid by Peru. The 

 balance is therefore only $476,000.* 



The International Exhibition was inaugu- 

 rated on September 16, 1875, and the ceremony 

 is reported to have been remarkably imposing. 

 The extensive park and grounds of the Quinta 

 Normal (model farm) were chosen for the site 

 of the buildings. Italy, England, and the Uni- 

 ted States appear to be the countries most 

 largely represented, the last being especially 

 distinguished for the number, variety and ex- 

 cellence of its machinery. 



Political circles were chiefly preoccupied 

 with the approaching elections for President of 

 the Eepublic. The favorite candidate, especially 

 so far as the electors of the southern provinces 

 are concerned, was Senor Benjamin Vicufia 

 Mackenna, chief of the Liberal party. His ad- 

 dress on the occasion of his nomination was 

 spoken of as the best hitherto published in 

 Chili. His professions may be briefly reca- 

 pitulated as follows : 



Eeligious freedom, in the fullest sense of the word ; 

 amenability of ecclesiastical, military, and civil func- 

 tionaries to the law ; reform, in a democratic sense, 

 of the National Guard ; civil marriage ; complete oc- 

 cupation of A rauco by means of iron roads and the 

 plough ; opening up of the rivers and lakes of the 

 provinces of Valdivia, Chiloe", andLlanquihue ; rail- 

 ways over the Andes ; the establishment of a Minis- 

 try of Agriculture, Public Works, and Immigration ; 

 local autonomy ; new provinces of Illap^el, Eancagua, 

 and Lebu ; naval ports ; rural police ; common 

 schools ; abolition of Government monopolies ; free 

 trade ; abolition of fiscal treasuries ; trial by jury ; 

 practical courses of agricultural training in colleges 

 subsidized by the state ; electoral liberty ; and many 

 other modifications of law and custom in the re- 

 public. 



A petition was presented to the Chilian Gov- 

 ernment to approve the conditions of an " Eng- 

 lish Episcopal Church Society," formed in 

 Valparaiso. One clause of the conditions au- 

 thorizes the society thus organized to purchase 

 lands and buildings, and to hold them in trust, 

 by special permission to be obtained from the 

 Legislature. All persons contributing twenty 

 dollars per annum, or paying pew-rent to that 

 amount, would be considered members. 



CHINA, an empire in Asia ; Emperor, 

 Tsaeteen, formerly called Kwang-liu, born in 

 1872, a son of Prince Ch'un, and grandson of 



* Observe that the Chilian dollar or soZ, = 95 cents, nearly, 

 is the only dollar referred to in this article. 



