252 



EARTH. 



ECUADOB. 



making great efforts to repress Buddhism, and 

 to clear Shintoism from its Buddhistic admixt- 

 ures ; but the latest accounts from Japan agree 

 in representing Buddhism as being still the 

 popular religion of the country, and the same 

 report is made on China. Buddhism, in an un- 

 mixed form, is the recognized state religion in 

 Siam, Burmah, Anam, Thibet, and it prevails in 

 Ceylon, in some parts of British India, where, 

 according to the latest census, the Buddhist 

 population amounted to about 9,300,000; in 

 Mongolia, and among some of the Kirgheez 

 tribes subject to the rule of Russia. Buddhism 

 is confined to Asia, with the exception of about 

 250,000 nomads in European Russia. 



3. Brahmanism. This religion only prevails 

 in British India and in the islands of Bali and 

 Lombok. According to the latest census taken 

 in the provinces of British India, the number 

 of Brahmanists amounted to about 140,500,000. 

 The total population connected with this re- 

 ligion is not likely to exceed 145,000,000. 



4. The Religious System of Confucius and 

 the Shinto Religion. The former is the state 

 religion of China, the latter that of Japan. 

 Both, as has already been stated, have been 

 overgrown by Buddhism to such an extent as 

 to make it nearly impossible to recognize the 

 boundary-lines. The population by which the 

 moral precepts of Confucius are accepted as 

 the highest authority, is vaguely estimated 

 from 60,000,000 to 120,000,000, and that which 

 worships hi the Shinto temples, from 12,000,000 

 to 20,000,000. 



5. Mohammedanism. Asia has a Moham- 

 medan population of about 95,000,000, nearly 

 one-half of whom are subjects of the British 

 Government. The Mohammedan population 

 prevails in Asiatic Turkey, in Persia, in Af- 

 ghanistan and Beloochistan, in all the inde- 

 pendent states of Central Asia, in the islands 

 of Java and Sumatra, and in Arabia. Russia 

 had, in 1875, in its Asiatic possessions a Mo- 

 hammedan population of about 5,000,000, 

 which may be expected to increase rapidly by 

 the progressing absorption of the states of 

 Central Asia. The Mohammedan population 

 of China is undoubtedly larger than was 

 formerly assumed, as has been proved by the 

 Mohammedan rebellion in the northwestern 

 and southwestern provinces. It can certainly 

 not be less than 3,000,000, and may be much 

 larger. In Europe, the Mohammedan popula- 

 tion of Turkey has been for some time on the 

 decline, and is not supposed to exceed 4,000,000. 

 Russia, in its European provinces, has about 

 2,259,000. In Africa, Mohammedanism not only 

 rules in the states of the northern and eastern 

 coast, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Egypt, 

 but it has gradually conquered nearly the whole 

 interior of Africa, having advanced westward 

 to the borders of Liberia. It is thought that 

 nearly one-half of the total population of Af- 

 rica, or about 100,000,000, may be set down 

 as imbued with Mohammedanism. 



6. Judaism. Judaism is neither the predom- 



inant religion, nor the religion of the govern- 

 ment, in any particular country of the globe, 

 but it is represented in every civilized and in 

 many uncivilized countries. The Jews number 

 more than 5,000,000, of whom about one-half 

 live in Russia and Poland. They are also nu- 

 merous in China, in Morocco, and other coun- 

 tries of Northern Africa, and are increasing 

 rapidly in the large cities of the United States. 

 Their aggregate number may be about 7,000, 000. 



Of the independent states of the world enu- 

 merated above forty-four are under Christian 

 governments. Of these Europe has nineteen, 

 America nineteen, Africa five, and Australasia 

 one. To these we must add the three Christian 

 principalities of-Roumania, Servia, and Monte- 

 negro, tributary to Turkey. These states, with 

 their colonies and dependencies, have an area 

 of 32,419,900 square miles and 685,459,000 in- 

 habitants. Of the other states, four, Turkey, 

 Morocco, Zanzibar, and Persia, are under Mo- 

 hammedan governments, and have an aggre- 

 gate area of 3,115,000 square miles and 52,000,- 

 000 inhabitants ; three, Anam, Siam, and Bur- 

 mah, are Buddhistic, with an area of 698,000 

 square miles and 20,250,000 inhabitants. China 

 and Japan have each its own state religioD. 



ECUADOR (REpBfJLiOA DEL ECUADOB), an 

 independent state of South America, extend- 

 ing from latitude- 1 5' north to 5 30' south, 

 and from longitude 69 52' to 80 35' west. 

 Its boundaries are: on the north the United 

 States of Colombia and Brazil, on the east 

 Brazil, on the South Peru, and on the west 

 the Atlantic Ocean. (For the territorial di- 

 vision, area, and population of the republic, 

 see ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1873.) 



The President of Ecuador is Dr. Antonio 

 Borrero, inaugurated on December 8, 1875. 



The new cabinet, formed on December 10, 

 1875, is as follows : Minister of the Interior 

 and of Foreign Affairs. Senor Manuel Gomez 

 de la Torre ; of the Treasury, Sefior Francisco 

 P. Icaza ; of War and the Navy, General Julio 

 Saenz. 



The Commandants-General of Quito and of 

 Guayaquil, both appointed simultaneously with 

 the cabinet, are Sefior Jose Martinez de Apari- 

 cio and Colonel Teodoro Gomez de la Torre. 



The armed force of the republic is estimated 

 at 1,500 men. 



To give an instance of the conflicting charac- 

 ter of the reports on the subject of Ecuadorian 

 finances, it may be stated that the national 

 revenue (as given in the late President Garcia 

 Moreno's message to Congress) amounted! in 

 1873 to $3,064,130, or $154,782 (?) more than 

 in the year immediately preceding ; and that 

 for 1874, owing to a notable diminution of im- 

 ports, determined by the general commercial 

 crisis, did not exceed $2,944,647. 



Of the various returns, official and non-offi- 

 cial, of the revenue, none are regarded as ab- 

 solutely correct. We, however, give the fol- 

 lowing table as that supposed most nearly to 

 approximate the truth for 1872, and which will 



