316 



FRANCE. 



lution of 1830 he founded, together with Rodde 

 and Oauohois Lemaire, the Son Sens, and also 

 wrote for other journals of the Opposition. 

 In 1833 he severed his connection with politi- 

 cal journalism and devoted himself exclusively 

 to scientific labors. In 1834 he was made 

 tutor of French literature in the Polytechnic 

 School. A translation of Aristotle's works, 

 which he began in 1832, obtained for him the 

 professorship of Greek and Roman Philosophy 

 in the College of France. In 1839 he was 

 elected a member of the Academy of Moral 

 and Political Sciences, and in 1840 he was for 

 four months general secretary in the Ministry 

 of Education. In 1848 he was elected to the 

 Constituent Assembly, and there became one 

 of the leaders of the tiers parti. After the 

 coup d'etat of 1851 he refused to take the oath 

 of allegiance and resigned his professorship. 

 He was elected to the Assembly in 1871 from 

 the department of Seine-et-Oise, and from 

 1871-'73 was private secretary to President 

 Thiers. He has written "Sur les Vedas" 

 (1854), "Le Bouddhisme" (1855), "Letters 

 sur PEgypte" (1856), "Bouddha et sa Reli- 

 gion" (1859), "La Vie de Mahomet" (1863), 

 "Mahomet et le Coran " (1865), and "Philo- 

 sophie des deux Amperes" (1866). 



BAZK, JEAN DIDIEE, was born January 8, 

 1800, atAgen. In 1821 he was admitted to 

 the bar in his native town, where he soon rose 

 to the head of his profession. In 1848 he was 

 elected to the Constituent and afterward to 

 the Legislative Assembly, of which body he 

 was elected questor. He was a strong parti- 

 san of the Orleanist dynasty, and a bitter oppo- 

 nent of the Bonap artist policy, but voted, 

 nevertheless, against the revision of the repub- 

 lican constitution. In October, 1851, he, to- 

 gether with some others, prepared the famous 

 bill called "Des Questeurs," whose object it 

 was to put beyond a doubt the authority of 

 the National Assembly to directly require 

 troops, which authority had been implicitly 

 attributed to it by the constitution of 1848. 

 In the night of December 1, 1851, he was ar- 

 rested and expelled. He went to Belgium, 

 and remained there until the declaration of 

 general amnesty in 1859, when he returned to 

 Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the Assembly 

 from the department of Lot-et-Garonne. He 

 again became questor of the Assembly, and 

 has been reflected to that position every suc- 

 ceeding year. 



BERENGER, RENE, born April 22, 1830, studied 

 law, and established himself in Paris. He has 

 held various offices under the empire, as at- 

 torney-general and procurator-general, which 

 position he held in Lyons at the time of the 

 Revolution of 1870, when he was arrested by 

 order of the Committee of Safety, but having 

 been released he joined the National Guards. 

 In 1871 he was elected to the National As- 

 sembly from the department of the Rhone. 

 A few days before the resignation of M. Thiers 

 he was appointed Minister of Public Works. 



BEETAULD, CHARLES ALFRED, born June 9, 

 1812, at Yerson ; was appointed assistant pro- 

 fessor in 1846, and titulary professor in 1853, in 

 the University of Caen. He had been decorated 

 with the medal of the Legion of Honor in 1859. 

 In 1871 he was elected to the Assembly from 

 the department of Calvados. The Left Centre, 

 with which he has generally voted, elected 

 him its president. He has written numerous 

 works, of which the following are the most 

 important : "Essai sur la Providence " (1853), 

 "Mesmer et le Magnetisme Animal" (1853), 

 "Etudes sur le XYIIP Siecle" (2 vols., 1855), 

 and " Libre Philosophic " (1868). 



BILLOT, JEAN BAPTISTS, was born in 1828. 

 At the beginning of the war with Germany he 

 was serving in Algeria, with the rank of lieu- 

 tenant-colonel. Returning to France he was 

 rapidly advanced to the rank of general of di- 

 vision, but was reduced to that of brigadier- 

 general by the committee on the revision of 

 the grades. He was elected to the Assembly 

 from the department of Correze. 



CALMON, MARO ANTOINE, born in 1815, 

 studied law, and during the empire held him- 

 self aloof from public life. During the term 

 of M. Thiers he was of great service to the 

 president, first as under-Secretary of State in 

 the Ministry of the Interior, and then as pre- 

 fect of the department of the Seine. He was 

 elected to the Assembly from the department 

 of Seine-et-Oise at the supplementary election 

 of 1873. 



CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLTTE, was born April 

 6, 1801. His father, who had been a member 

 of the Convention, was forced to leave France, 

 and went to Belgium, Germany, and Poland, 

 being accompanied by his son. In Magdeburg, 

 where they remained seven years, Carnot 

 studied the German language and literature. 

 He returned to France in 1823, and was elected 

 to the Chamber of Deputies in 1839, 1842, and 

 1846, where he voted with the Radicals. He was 

 for a time one of the editors of the Revue Inde- 

 pendante, and also published several pamphlets 

 on political questions. After the Revolution 

 of 1848 he was for a short time Minister of 

 Public Instruction. In 1850 he was elected to 

 the Assembly, and remained there until the 

 coup d'etat. In 1852 and 1857 he was elected 

 to the Corps Legislatif, but refused to serve. 

 Being elected again in 1863 he took his seat, 

 but in 1869 he was defeated by M. Gambetta. 

 After the Revolution of September 4, 1870, he 

 was elected mayor of the eighth arrondisse- 

 ment, and in 1871 was elected to the Assembly 

 from the department of Seine-et-Oise. He has" 

 written several works, of which "Memoires 

 sur Carnot par son Fils " (1861-'64) is the best 

 known. 



CAZOT, THEODORE JULES JOSEPH, was born 

 at Alais, February 11, 1821. He has practised 

 law in Paris for some time. In 1871 he was 

 elected to the Assembly from the department 

 of Gard. He is considered one of the ablest 

 speakers of the extreme Left. 



