FRANCE. 



FRANCIS V. 



323 



wealth. On February 8, 1871, he was elected 

 to the National Assembly from the department 

 of Haut-Rhin, but, upon the session of Alsace 

 to Germany, he withdrew. He was reflected, 

 July 2d, from the department of the Seine. 



SCHOELOHER, VICTOR, was born at Paris, 

 July 21, 1804. Having finished his studies, he 

 traveled through the United States and the 

 West Indies, and, disgusted with slavery, he 

 at once set about to have the slaves in the 

 French colonies emancipated. In 1848 he was 

 appointed under-Secretary of State in the 

 Ministry of the Navy, and in that position 

 published the decree which proclaimed the 

 principle of emancipation, and instituted the 

 committee charged with the preparation of 

 the law abolishing slavery. In the same year 

 he was elected to the National Assembly from 

 the island of Guadeloupe. After the coup d'etat 

 he was banished from France and went to Eng- 

 land, and, refusing to make use of the general 

 amnesty, did not return to France until 1870. 

 He took a prominent part in the defense of 

 Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the National 

 Assembly from Paris, Guiana, and Martinique, 

 and accepted for the latter. 



SIMON, JULES, was born at Lorient, Decem- 

 ber 31, 1814. In 1839 he was appointed pro- 

 fessor in the Sorbonne, and in 1848 was elected 

 to the Constituent Assembly. He was a bitter 

 opponent of Louis Napoleon, and, refusing to 

 take the oath of allegiance, he was removed 

 from his professorship in 1851. In 1863 he 

 was elected a member of the Academy and of 

 the Corps L6gislatif, where he soon became 

 the leader of the Liberals. After the Revolu- 

 tion of 1870 he became Minister of Public In- 

 struction. As such he took a prominent part 

 in the events that followed in Paris. In 1871 

 he was elected to the Assembly from the de- 

 partment of Marne, was again appointed Min- 

 ister of Public Instruction, and as such pre- 

 pared a bill providing for compulsory primary 

 instruction. 



TESTELIN, M., was born in 1810. He studied 

 medicine, and is known as an able and witty 

 speaker. As an extreme Republican he was 

 very intimate with Delescluze, one of the lead- 

 ers of the Commune. In 1871 he was elected 

 to the National Assembly from the depart- 

 ment of Nord. 



THERY, N., born in 1807, elected to the As- 

 sembly from the department of Nord in 1871. 



TOCQUEVILLE, HiPFOLTTE, Count de, was 

 born in 1812. He has served in the cavalry, 

 and is a brother of Alexis de Tocqueville, the 

 author of " Democracy in America," and " An- 

 cien Regime." In 1871 he was elected to the 

 National Assembly from the department of 

 Manche. 



TREVILLE, HERMANN, Count de, was born in 

 1803. He took part in the Spanish campaign 

 under the Restoration, and asked for his dis- 

 charge in 1830. In 1871 he was elected to the 

 National Assembly from the department of 

 Aude. 



TRIBERT, Louis, was born June 29, 1819, at 

 Paris. He studied at the Ooll6ge Bourbon 

 and the University of Berlin, and traveled 

 through a large part of Europe and America. 

 He took part in the war with Germany, was 

 taken prisoner at Ville-Evrard and was sent to 

 Silesia, where he still remained when, in 1871, 

 he was elected to the National Assembly from 

 the department of Deux-Sevres. 



WALLON, HENRI ALEX ANDRE, was born at 

 Valenciennes, December 23, 1812. In 1849 

 he was nominated for the Legislature by the 

 moderate party in the department of Nord, 

 and was elected. In 1850, thinking that the 

 Assembly overstepped its powers by passing a 

 law restricting universal suffrage, he resigned. 

 In 1871 he was elected to the Assembly from 

 the department of Nord, where he voted with 

 the Right Centre. He has also distinguished 

 himself as an historian. He was Professor of 

 History and Geography at the Sorbonne, was 

 elected a member of the Academy of Inscrip- 

 tions and Belles-Lettres in 1850, was created a 

 knight of the Legion of Honor in 1847 and an 

 officer in 1868. He has also distinguished him- 

 self by his treatises on slavery. Among his 

 principal works are u Ge"ographie politique des 

 Temps modernes" (1839), "-Histoire de 1'Es- 

 clavage dans I'Antiquite" " (1848), and " Yie de 

 N. S. Jesus-Christ selon la Concordance des 

 quatre vang61istes " (1865). In 1875 he pub- 

 lished a new history of the Maid of Orleans, 

 for which he received a congratulatory letter 

 from the Pope. 



WOLOWSKI, Louis FRANCOIS MICHEL RAY- 

 MOND, was born at Warsaw, August 31, 1810. 

 He took an active part in the Polish Revolu- 

 tion of 1830, and was sent as secretary of le- 

 gation to Paris. The misfortunes of his coun- 

 try forced him to remain there, and in 1834 he 

 was naturalized in France. He founded in 

 1833 the Revue de Legislation et de Jurispru- 

 dence, became professor in the Conservatory 

 of Arts and Sciences in 1839, and a member 

 of the council of this institution in 1848. In 

 the latter year he was elected to the Constit- 

 uent Assembly, and afterward to the Legis- 

 lature for the department of the Seine. In 

 1851 he left the Assembly and founded the 

 first company of "Credit Foncier de Paris." 

 He was elected a member of the Academy of 

 Moral and Political Sciences in 1855, and was 

 created an officer of the Legion of Honor in 

 1869. In 1871 he was elected a member of the 

 Assembly from the department of the Seine, 

 and has taken an active part in the discussion of 

 financial questions. He has written numerous 

 works on finance, of which the following are 

 the best known : " Mobilisation du Credit fon- 

 cier" (1839); "Les Finances de la Russie " 

 (1864) ; " La Question des Banques " (1864) ; 

 " La Banque d'Angleterre et les Banques 

 d'Ecosse" (1867), and numerous essays and 

 memoirs on the same subject. 



FRANCIS V., the last sovereign Duke of 

 Modena, was born June 1, 1809, and died on 



