324 FRANKEL, ZAOHARIAS. 



November 21, 1875. He succeeded his father 

 on the throne in 1846. In 1860 the duchy of 

 Modena was incorporated with the kingdom 

 of Sardinia, against which action the duke en- 

 tered a protest. He remained in Vienna up to 

 his death. The sister of the deceased duke be- 

 came, in 1847, the wife of Don Juan, heir to 

 the pretensions of the first Don Carlos. The 

 Spanish Pretender is, therefore, the nephew, on 

 the mother's side, of the Duke of Modena, and 

 it is to this relationship that he owed the pos- 

 sibility of maintaining thug long his struggle 

 for the Spanish crown. The mysterious and, 

 indeed, unaccountable supply of money which 

 has enabled Don Carlos to continue the contest 

 has been derived from his maternal uncle, 

 whose vast wealth enabled him to give this ma- 

 terial support to that cause of Legitimism to 

 which he was throughout his whole life fanat- 

 ically devoted. It is not too much, in fact, 

 to say that the late Duke of Modena 1 was the 

 backbone of the Carlist rebellion. The gigan- 

 tic fortune of the Duke of Modena is the lar- 

 gest princely one in Europe. Besides his 

 nephew, Don Carlos, he also assisted the 

 French Legitimists. The duke had at heart 

 the cause of Legitimacy in Italy, France, and 

 Spain. His munificence to the young Duke of 

 Parma seemed almost fabulous. For the Comte 

 de Chambord, his brother-in-law, his veneration 

 was unbounded. One of the causes of the Italian 

 campaign of 1859 was his persistent determina- 

 tion to ignore the Third Empire. Count Ca- 

 vour turned it to account in overcoming oppo- 

 sition to his policy. The Empress Eugenie, to 

 chastise what she conceived to be his insolence, 

 was led to disregard papal advice. The duke 

 felt an intense hatred against Louis Napoleon, 

 to overthrow whom he did not recoil from as- 

 sisting republican journals in France. It was 

 at his expense that the famous proceedings for 

 a separation suit in the Montijo family were re- 

 published in the form of a brochure, and circu- 

 lated in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, in 

 1868. The personal property left by the duke 

 is estimated at two hundred million francs 

 ($40,000,000). 



FRANKEL, ZACHAKIAS, was born in Prague, 

 October 18, 1801, and died February 13, 1875. 

 He received his education in the University of 

 Pesth, and in 1832 was appointed as rabbi in 

 Teplitz. Here he did much for education until 

 in 1836 he received a call from the Saxon Gov- 

 ernment as chief rabbi of Dresden and Leipsic. 

 In this position he worked successfully for the 

 recognition of the Jewish religion by the state, 

 and in 1840 succeeded in having the first syna- 

 gogue erected in Dresden. A memorial, en- 

 titled " Die Eidesleistung der Juden, in theo- 

 logischer und historisoher Beziehung," which 

 he presented to the Diet of Saxony, caused 

 the abolition of the Jewish test-oath not only 

 in Saxony, but also in other German states. 

 In 1854 he was appointed director of the new 

 Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau, which 

 position he retained up to his death. He wrote 



FRANKLIN, LADY JANE. 



numerous works, among which the following 

 are the most important : " Ueber den Einfluss 

 der palastinensischen Exegese auf die alexan- 

 drinische Hermeneutik " (1851), " Grundlinien 

 des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts" (1859), 

 and u Entwurf einer Geschichte der Literatur 

 der nachtalmudischen Responsen" (1865). 

 Since 1851 he has published a monthly, devo- 

 ted to the history and science of the Jews. 



FRANKLIN, LADY JANE, was born about 

 1805, died July 18, 1875. In 1826 she became 

 the second wife of Sir John Franklin. Eight 

 years after, she accompanied her husband to 

 Van Diemens Land, and it was to her in great 

 part that he owed the popularity which he en- 

 joyed during his six years' term as Governor. 

 Having returned to England in 1845, he sailed 

 in command of the ships Erebus and Terror 

 to discover the Northwestern passage, but 

 from which expedition he never returned. 

 When he did not return in 1847, as was in- 

 tended, Lady Franklin felt great anxiety for 

 his fate, and began that series of heroic efforts 

 which have secured her imperishable fame. 

 In the spring of 1848 she offered rewards of 

 $10,000 and $15,000 to any persons discover- 

 ing or affording relief to the missing party, or 

 making any great effort to do so. In 1849 she 

 addressed a pathetic appeal to the American 

 people, through the President, for active co- 

 operation in the search, which was nobly re- 

 sponded to by Henry Grinnell. In 1850, and 

 in subsequent years, Lady Franklin fitted out 

 expeditions, chiefly at her own cost, supple- 

 mentary to those sent by the Government. 

 Finally, she sent out in 1857 the steamer Fox, 

 under command of Captain McClintock, who 

 returned about three years later, with the 

 melancholy news of Sir John Franklin's death, 

 but with abundant proof that the daring ex- 

 plorer had accomplished the discovery .he was 

 sent to make, namely, the existence of a north- 

 west passage. The tidings of the commander's 

 death McClintock had learned from a docu- 

 ment left in a cairn on the shores of King 

 William's Land by the survivors of Franklin's 

 company. The paper, dated April 25, 1848, 

 stated that Sir John Franklin died June 11, 

 1847; that the Erebus and Terror were aban- 

 doned April 22, 1848, when the survivors, 

 one hundred and five in number, started for 

 the Great Fish River. Many relics were 

 found of this party, who perished on their 

 journey soon after they left the vessels. Al- 

 though there was no further reason to doubt 

 the fate of her husband, Lady Franklin 

 was henceforth unceasing in her efforts to 

 learn more of him and his brave companions. 

 She held out liberal rewards to any one who 

 would bring her further tidings, and took a 

 warm interest in every scheme for exploring 

 the polar regions. She offered to pay liber- 

 ally the late Captain Hall, of Cincinnati, if he 

 would go over to London and tell her the story 

 of his five years' voyage in the arctic zone. 

 Finding that Hall was too intent on going to 



